Advance Communications Systems Gsm Information Technology Essay
In Telecommunications Applications, cellular is the fastest and very demanding Technology. Today, It is representing a continuous increasing percentage of all telephone subscriptions around the globe. GSM is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems. It is estimated that around 80% of worldwide mobile market uses this standard. Currently there are about 4 Billion cellular subscribers around the world. GSM differs from its previous technologies in that both signalling and speech channels are digital. Thus GSM is considered as 2nd Generation (2G).
Definition:
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.
The GSM family of technologies has provided the world with mobile communications since 1991. In over twenty years of development, GSM has been continually enhanced to provide platforms that deliver an increasingly broad range of mobile services as demand grows. Where the industry started with plain voice calls, it now has a powerful platform capable of supporting mobile broadband and multimedia services. GSM is now used in 219 countries and territories serving more than three billion people and providing travellers with access to mobile services wherever they go.
GSM
An open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services
EDGE
An open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services
HSPA
An open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services
GPRS
A very widely deployed wireless data service, available now with most GSM networks
3G/WCDMA
The air interface for one of the International Telecommunications Union’s family of third-generation mobile communications systems
LTE
Designed to be backwards-compatible with GSM and HSPA, Long Term Evolution incorporates MIMO in combination with OFDMA
GSM Roaming
The ability for a customer to make and receive calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the coverage area of their home network
IMB
A technology, defined as a part of the 3GPP Rel. 8 standard, which enables spectrally-efficient delivery of Broadcast services using TDD radio techniques.
2. GSM Network
The GSM technical specifications define the different entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface requirements.
The GSM network can be divided into four main parts:
The Mobile Station (MS).
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS).
The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).
The architecture of the GSM network is presented in figure 1.
3. GSM Network Operations
GSM network architecture:
There are four main areas of GSM Network:
Mobile station (MS)
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)
Base-station subsystem (BSS)
Simplified GSM Network Architecture
Mobile station
Mobile stations (MS) are also widely known as mobile equipment (ME), cell or mobile phones. This is the part of a GSM cellular network which is used and operated by user. The size of mobile phone In recent years is becoming more and more smaller whereas the level of functionality has greatly increased. The two basic element of mobile phone are the hardware and the SIM.
The main element of the mobile phone is hardware which includes the display, case, battery.Another important element of the Mobile are the electronics which are used to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to be transmitted. International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is installed in the phone at manufacture and “cannot” be changed. The network can check whether the mobile has been reported as stolen with its IMEI while the registration of the phone.
The network determines the identity of the user with The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module. The SIM includes variety of information including a number known as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
The GSM network subsystem contains a variety of different elements. This is the element of GSM which provides the main control and interfacing for the whole mobile network. NSS is also known as the core network and includes the following elements:
Authentication Centre
Home Location Register
SMS Gateway
Visitor Location Register
Equipment Identity Register
Gateway Mobile Switching Centre
Mobile Switching services Centre
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
The system used to communicate with other mobiles on a network is called Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section . It consists of two elements:
Base Station Controller
Base Transceiver Station
Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)
Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and is connected to components of the NSS and the BSC.It is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. As the subscriber population increases with the resulted number of BS, some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, thus it allows savings in the cost of ownership of the system. Each interface between the different elements of the GSM network is defined in the GSM structure. This facilitates the information interchanges can take place and also that network elements from different manufacturers can be used.
Development of GSM Air Interface is the key elements of the development of the GSM, Global System for Mobile Communications. Elements including the modulation, GSM slot structure, burst structure and the like were all devised to provide the optimum performance.
Modulation format is an important development of the GSM standard , the way in which the system is time division multiplexed, which provides a considerable impact on the performance of the system as a whole. For example, the modulation format for the GSM air interface and battery life are directly associated and the time division format adopted enabled the cellphone handset costs to be considerably reduced as detailed later.
Reference: http://www.brighthub.com/mobile/windows-mobile-platform/articles/14286.aspx#ixzz0hoQeU6uY
4. GSM Advantages & Disadvantages
GSM Advantages
GSM is grown-up means this development means a more constant network with healthy features.
Fewer signal fall inside buildings.
Ability to use repeaters.
Talk-time is generally advanced in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission.
The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets.
GSM covers almost all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem.
The subscriber can enjoy the broadest international coverage. It is possible with the GSM roaming service.
Good coverage indoors on 850/900 MHz. Repeaters possible.
Very good due to simple protocol, good coverage and mature, power-efficient chipsets.
Some More Advantages most popular
Communication
Mobile, wireless communication, support for voice and data services.
Total mobility
International access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers.
Worldwide connectivity
One number, the network handles every location.
High capacity
Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, and more customers per cell.
High transmission quality
High audio quality and reliability for wireless.
Disadvantages of GSM
Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially confident audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now.
Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers.
GSM has a permanent maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations.
GSM has some disadvantages when compared to some of the newer mobile network technologies.
GSM is known as a second-generation system. Third-generation systems feature higher data transfer rates. Higher transfer rates allow better call quality and additional services such as high-quality streaming video and high-speed Internet capabilities.
Evolution from 2G to 3G
2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Due to fast
changes in user expectation, they do not gather today’s wireless needs.
Cellular mobile telecommunications networks are being upgraded to use 3G
technologies from 1999 to 2010. Japan was the first country to introduce 3G
nationally.
How is 3G different from 2G and 4G
While 2G stands for second-generation wireless telephone technology, 1G
networks used are analog, 2G networks are digital and 3G (third-generation)
technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards.
3G helps to simultaneously transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and
non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, and
instant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technology
stands to be the future standard of wireless devices.
5. GSM Applications:
1. GSM-R: (Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway)
GSM-R is the latest technology for railway communications based on International wireless communications standards. The GSM-R system is based on GSM and EIRENE-MORANE specifications and it guarantee at 350 mph without any data loss in communication.
GSM-R is one part of ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System) which is composed of:
GSM-R.
ETCS (European Train Control System).
Frequency band
GSM-R uses a specific frequency band in Europe, which is as follows:
876 MHz – 880 MHz: used for data transmission (uplink)
921 MHz – 925 MHz: used for data reception (downlink)
Channel spacing is 200 kHz.
GSM-R occupied a lower extension of GSM 900 MHz frequencies (890 MHz – 915 MHz range for transmission and 935 MHz – 960 MHz range for reception), as per 3GPP TS 05.05 V8.20.0 (2005-11). In China GSM-R occupied a 4 MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900 MHz-GSM).
GSM-R uses
GSM-R allows the services and applications for mobile communications in many domains:
Transmission of Long Line Public Address (LLPA) announcements to remote stations down the line
Control and protection (Automatic Train Control/ETCS) and ERTMS)
Communication between train driver and regulation centre,
Communication of on-board working people
Information sending for ETCS
Communication between train stations, classification yard and rail tracks
2. GSM for Disaster Management:
GSM Technology is being used for prevention in disasters. Many cellular companies offer charity disaster relief services to the effected areas. The response program is an initiative to make sure that the communications are going on during disasters. The response team is made up of volunteers and telecom engineers who bring their equipments and the whole Mini-GSM system. Basically this is an entire Portable Mobile Network so that the effected people can have contact with the other people around the world. As we have seen in Haiti Earthquake disaster.
3. Remote monitoring applications using GSM Telemetry
Remote Tank Level Monitoring
Wireless Remote Monitoring for Pumps
Leakage detection in Tanks
Automated Condition Monitoring
Remote communications to PLC using GSM Telemetry
GSM Odometer (Mileage Management System)
GSM odometer is such a device used to facilitate fleet administration of vehicles. This will report all necessary information about the vehicle through E-mail or mobile SMS. This device is based on GSM modem with embedded software. This is concept is called Mileage management System. This is a very useful technology for those organizations which need vehicle administration on daily basis. This system is fully compatible with your vehicle and central control room. GSM odometer also reports the following information:
The total number of working hours of the vehicles
Speed profiles of the vehicles
Tracking using GSM location service
Benefits of Mileage Management System:
It provides very accurate mileage information of the vehicle.
Easy vehicle service recall.
Better customer services.
Less process time
70 to 80% reduction in cost for daily fleet administration.
Correct invoicing, information about the mileage may easily be integrated into the fleet owners’ billing and administration
Enhanced Security
Mobile Application Security:
The mobile users around the globe are steadily increasing and hopefully will continue to grow more rapid in future. Openess offers benefits to the customers, device management and operators. But on the other habd oppenness also chanllenges the security risks and malicious applications. Therefore security is the key concern for the mobile and communications industry.
GSM Association Mobile Application Security Initiative
identified the need of security applications across mobile operating systems to reduce the malware while facilitating the users. The challenge for mobbile applications are many. Some are included which are:
Proactively protect mobile users from fraud and malicious applications
Assure quality and accountability of mobile applications
Maintain trust in mobile platforms (and avoid similar problems in the Internet world)
Secure existing and future business
Protect operators against costs originating from malicious applications
Facilitate certification processes to reduce barriers for developers
Ensure consistency across different OS platforms and operators.