Application And Use Of Complex Numbers

HISTORY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:-

Complex numbers were first conceived and defined by the Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano, who called them “fictitious”, during his attempts to find solutions to cubic equations. This ultimately led to the fundamental theorem of algebra, which shows that with complex numbers, a solution exists to every polynomial equation of degree one or higher. Complex numbers thus form an algebraically closed field, where any polynomial equation has a root.

The rules for addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers were developed by the Italian mathematician Rafael Bombelli. A more abstract formalism for the complex numbers was further developed by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.

COMPLEX NUMBER INTERPRETATION:-

A number in the form of x+iy where x and y are real numbers and i = is called a complex number.

Let z= x+iy

X is called real part of z and is denoted by R (z)

Y is called imaginary part of z and is denoted by I (z)

CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER: –

A pair of complex numbers x+iy and x-iy are said to be conjugate of each other.

PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ARE:-

1) If + = + then =

2) Two complex numbers + and + are said to be equal

If R (+) = R ( +)

I (+) = I ( +)

3) Sum of the two complex numbers is

( +) +( + = (+ ) + (+)

4) Difference of two complex numbers is

( +) ( + = () + ()

5) Product of two complex numbers is

( +) ( + = +( )

6) Division of two complex numbers is

= +

7) Every complex number can be expressed in terms of r (cosθ + sinθ)

R (x+) = r cosθ

I (x+) = r sinθ

r = and θ =

REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN PLANE

The set of complex numbers is two-dimensional, and a coordinate plane is required to illustrate them graphically. This is in contrast to the real numbers, which are one-dimensional, and can be illustrated by a simple number line. The rectangular complex number plane is constructed by arranging the real numbers along the horizontal axis, and the imaginary numbers along the vertical axis. Each point in this plane can be assigned to a unique complex number, and each complex number can be assigned to a unique point in the plane.

Modulus and Argument of a complex number: –

The number r = is called modulus of x+ and is written by mod (x+) or

θ = is called amplitude or argument of x+ and is written by amp (x+) or arg (x+)

Application of imaginary numbers: –

For most human tasks, real numbers (or even rational numbers) offer an adequate description of data. Fractions such as ⅔ and ⅛ are meaningless to a person counting stones, but essential to a person comparing the sizes of different collections of stones. Negative numbers such as −3 and −5 are meaningless when measuring the mass of an object, but essential when keeping track of monetary debits and credits. Similarly, imaginary numbers have essential concrete applications in a variety of sciences and related areas such as signal processing, control theory, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, cartography, vibration analysis, and many others.

APPLICATION OF COMPLEX NO IN ENGINEERING:-

Control Theory

In control theory, systems are often transformed from the time domain to the frequency domain using the Laplace transform. The system’s poles and zeros are then analyzed in the complex plane. The root locus, Nyquist plot, and Nichols plot techniques all make use of the complex plane.

In the root locus method, it is especially important whether the poles and zeros are in the left or right half planes, i.e. have real part greater than or less than zero. If a system has poles that are

in the right half plane, it will be unstable,

all in the left half plane, it will be stable,

on the imaginary axis, it will have marginal stability.

If a system has zeros in the right half plane, it is a nonminimum phase system.

Signal analysis

Complex numbers are used in signal analysis and other fields for a convenient description for periodically varying signals. For given real functions representing actual physical quantities, often in terms of sines and cosines, corresponding complex functions are considered of which the real parts are the original quantities. For a sine wave of a given frequency, the absolute value |z| of the corresponding z is the amplitude and the argument arg(z) the phase.

If Fourier analysis is employed to write a given real-valued signal as a sum of periodic functions, these periodic functions are often written as complex valued functions of the form

where ω represents the angular frequency and the complex number z encodes the phase and amplitude as explained above.

Improper integrals

In applied fields, complex numbers are often used to compute certain real-valued improper integrals, by means of complex-valued functions. Several methods exist to do this; see methods of contour integration.

Residue theorem

The residue theorem in complex analysis is a powerful tool to evaluate path integrals of meromorphic functions over closed curves and can often be used to compute real integrals as well. It generalizes the Cauchy and Cauchy’s integral formula.

The statement is as follows. Suppose U is a simply connected open subset of the complex plane C, a1,…,an are finitely many points of U and f is a function which is defined and holomorphic on U \ {a1,…,an}. If γ is a rectifiable curve in U which doesn’t meet any of the points ak and whose start point equals its endpoint, then

Here, Res(f,ak) denotes the residue of f at ak, and n(γ,ak) is the winding number of the curve γ about the point ak. This winding number is an integer which intuitively measures how often the curve γ winds around the point ak; it is positive if γ moves in a counter clockwise (“mathematically positive”) manner around ak and 0 if γ doesn’t move around ak at all.

In order to evaluate real integrals, the residue theorem is used in the following manner: the integrand is extended to the complex plane and its residues are computed (which is usually easy), and a part of the real axis is extended to a closed curve by attaching a half-circle in the upper or lower half-plane. The integral over this curve can then be computed using the residue theorem. Often, the half-circle part of the integral will tend towards zero if it is large enough, leaving only the real-axis part of the integral, the one we were originally interested

Quantum mechanics

The complex number field is relevant in the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, where complex Hilbert spaces provide the context for one such formulation that is convenient and perhaps most standard. The original foundation formulas of quantum mechanics – the Schrödinger equation and Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics – make use of complex numbers.

The quantum theory provides a quantitative explanation for two types of phenomena that classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics cannot account for:

Some observable physical quantities, such as the total energy of a blackbody, take on discrete rather than continuous values. This phenomenon is called quantization, and the smallest possible intervals between the discrete values are called quanta (singular: quantum, from the Latin word for “quantity”, hence the name “quantum mechanics.”) The size of the quanta typically varies from system to system.

Under certain experimental conditions, microscopic objects like atoms or electrons exhibit wave-like behavior, such as interference. Under other conditions, the same species of objects exhibit particle-like behavior (“particle” meaning an object that can be localized to a particular region of space), such as scattering. This phenomenon is known as wave-particle duality.

Application of complex number in Computer Science.

1) Arithmetic and logic in computer system

Arithmetic and Logic in Computer Systems provides a useful guide to a fundamental subject of computer science and engineering. Algorithms for performing operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in digital computer systems are presented, with the goal of explaining the concepts behind the algorithms, rather than addressing any direct applications. Alternative methods are examined, and explanations are supplied of the fundamental materials and reasoning behind theories and examples.

2) Recticing Software engineering in 21st century

This technological manual explores how software engineering principles can be used in tandem with software development tools to produce economical and reliable software that is faster and more accurate. Tools and techniques provided include the Unified Process for GIS application development, service-based approaches to business and information technology alignment, and an integrated model of application and software security. Current methods and future possibilities for software design are covered.

In Electrical Engineering: –

The voltage produced by a battery is characterized by one real number (called potential), such as +12 volts or −12 volts. But the “AC” voltage in a home requires two parameters. One is a potential, such as 120 volts, and the other is an angle (called phase). The voltage is said to have two dimensions. A 2-dimensional quantity can be represented mathematically as either a vector or as a complex number (known in the engineering context as phasor). In the vector representation, the rectangular coordinates are typically referred to simply as X and Y. But in the complex number representation, the same components are referred to as real and imaginary. When the complex number is purely imaginary, such as a real part of 0 and an imaginary part of 120, it means the voltage has a potential of 120 volts and a phase of 90°, which is physically very real.

Application in electronics engineering

Information that expresses a single dimension, such as linear distance, is called a scalar quantity in mathematics. Scalar numbers are the kind of numbers students use most often. In relation to science, the voltage produced by a battery, the resistance of a piece of wire (ohms), and current through a wire (amps) are scalar quantities.

When electrical engineers analyzed alternating current circuits, they found that quantities of voltage, current and resistance (called impedance in AC) were not the familiar one-dimensional scalar quantities that are used when measuring DC circuits. These quantities which now alternate in direction and amplitude possess other dimensions (frequency and phase shift) that must be taken into account.

In order to analyze AC circuits, it became necessary to represent multi-dimensional quantities. In order to accomplish this task, scalar numbers were abandoned and complex numbers were used to express the two dimensions of frequency and phase shift at one time.

In mathematics, i is used to represent imaginary numbers. In the study of electricity and electronics, j is used to represent imaginary numbers so that there is no confusion with i, which in electronics represents current. It is also customary for scientists to write the complex number in the form a + jb.

In electrical engineering, the Fourier transform is used to analyze varying voltages and currents. The treatment of resistors, capacitors, and inductors can then be unified by introducing imaginary, frequency-dependent resistances for the latter two and combining all three in a single complex number called the impedance. (Electrical engineers and some physicists use the letter j for the imaginary unit since i is typically reserved for varying currents and may come into conflict with i.) This approach is called phasor calculus. This use is also extended into digital signal processing and digital image processing, which utilize digital versions of Fourier analysis (and wavelet analysis) to transmit, compress, restore, and otherwise process digital audio signals, still images, and video signals.

Introduce the formula E = I • Z where E is voltage, I is current, and Z is impedance.

Complex numbers are used a great deal in electronics. The main reason for this is they make the whole topic of analyzing and understanding alternating signals much easier. This seems odd at first, as the concept of using a mix of real and ‘imaginary’ numbers to explain things in the real world seem crazy!. . To help you get a clear picture of how they’re used and what they mean we can look at a mechanical example…

We can now reverse the above argument when considering a.c. (sine wave) oscillations in electronic circuits. Here we can regard the oscillating voltages and currents as ‘side views’ of something which is actually ‘rotating’ at a steady rate. We can only see the ‘real’ part of this, of course, so we have to ‘imagine’ the changes in the other direction. This leads us to the idea that what the oscillation voltage or current that we see is just the ‘real’ portion’ of a ‘complex’ quantity that also has an ‘imaginary’ part. At any instant what we see is determined by a phase angle which varies smoothly with time.

We can now consider oscillating currents and voltages as being complex values that have a real part we can measure and an imaginary part which we can’t. At first it seems pointless to create something we can’t see or measure, but it turns out to be useful in a number of ways.

1) It helps us understand the behaviour of circuits which contain reactance (produced by capacitors or inductors) when we apply a.c. signals.

2) It gives us a new way to think about oscillations. This is useful when we want to apply concepts like the conservation of energy to understanding the behaviour of systems which range from simple a mechanical pendulums to a quartz-crystal oscillator.

Applications in Fluid Dynamics

In fluid dynamics, complex functions are used to describe potential flow in two dimensions. Fractals.

Certain fractals are plotted in the complex plane, e.g. the Mandelbrot set

Fluid Dynamics and its sub disciplines aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and hydraulics have a wide range of applications. For example, they are used in calculating forces and moments on aircraft, the mass flow of petroleum through pipelines, and prediction of weather patterns.

The concept of a fluid is surprisingly general. For example, some of the basic mathematical concepts in traffic engineering are derived from considering traffic as a continuous fluids.

Relativity

In special and general relativity, some formulas for the metric on spacetime become simpler if one takes the time variable to be imaginary. (This is no longer standard in classical relativity, but is used in an essential way in quantum field theory.) Complex numbers are essential to spinors, which are a generalization of the tensors used in relativity.

Applied mathematics

In differential equations, it is common to first find all complex roots r of the characteristic equation of a linear differential equation and then attempt to solve the system in terms of base functions of the form f(t) = ert.

In Electromagnetism: –

Instead of taking electrical and magnetic part as a two different real numbers, we can represent it as in one complex number

IN Civil and Mechanical Engineering: –

The concept of complex geometry and Argand plane is very much useful in constructing buildings and cars. This concept is used in 2-D designing of buildings and cars. It is also very useful in cutting of tools. Another possibility to use complex numbers in simple mechanics might be to use them to represent rotations.