Applications Of Holographic Memory Computer Science Essay

From the beginning generation of computer, speed of the processors has been increasing tremendously approximately twice the capacity for every 3 years. Today, we can access large amount of data with in few seconds using CPU and data storage. While the computer evolves many applications for large binary files like sound or image data for high capacity storage and data access. But, there is no high capacity form of data storage to handle these large files quickly and efficiently. So, Holographic memory is a hopeful technology in the next generation over conventional storage system because it is a three-dimensional data storage system that can store information at high density inside the crystal or photopolymer which has a capacity to Storage system, the data of entire page can be accessed at a time instead of sequential method and there are very few moving parts so the limitations of the mechanical motion can be minimized. To trace interference patterns it uses a photosensitive material of a reference beam and a signal beam of coherent light, while the signal beam is reflected off and an object or which contains information in the variety of light and dark areas. The natural history of the photosensitive material is to record the interference pattern which reproduce a beam of light to the material which matches to the reference beam. The resultant light that is transmitted through the medium will take on the recorded interference pattern and will be collected on a laser detector array that encompasses the entire surface of the holographic medium. Lots of holograms are recorded in the similar space by changing the wavelength of the incident light or angle. The whole page of data can be accessed in this way. Hence holographic storage system has the potential to became the next storage generation over conventional storage

2. Definition of Holographic Memory

It is a storage device which records binary information into one of holograms, then produces (as interfering patterns) on photographic or photo chromic media by the way of laser beams, which can be read by low-power laser beams. It is a technique that can store information at high density inside the crystals or photopolymers. The main advantage of a hologram is that which has an image to be dispersed over the recording surface. So, there is no chance of dust or scratches that totally obscures information though they may deduce the contrast. There are many attempts done on many projects to apply this technology but none of them been commercially successful.

3. What is HVD?

HVD known as Holographic Versatile Disc which is an optical technology still in the development stage which holds up to 4 terabyte of information. It has an technique called as collinear holography, which contains two lasers, first red laser and another is known as blue-green laser which collimated in a single beam. The second laser i.e. blue-green laser reads the data programmed as on laser interference outer reaches from a holographic layer near to the top of the disc where the reference beam uses the red laser and to study the information of servo from a usual CD-style aluminium layer close to the bottom.

These discs have the capacity to load up to 4 terabyte of data, which approximately stores 6,000 times the capability of a CD-ROM, 829 times the capability of DVD, 159 times the competence of Blu-ray-Discs (single layer) and approximately 8 times that of the standard computer hard drives as of 2007. These discs also had a transfer rate of 1GB/S.

4. Structure of HVD

The structure of HVD is shown in the above figure and components with respect to figure are shown below:

1. Green reading/writing laser (530 nm)

2. Red addressing/positioning laser (650nm)

3. Hologram (data)

4. Polycarbon layer

5. Photo polymeric layer (containing data layer)

6. Distance layers

7. Diachronic layer (reflector of green light)

8. Aluminium reflective layer (reflects red light)

9. Apparent base

(i). Working of HVD

A holographic data storage system consists of a recording medium, an optical recording system, and a photo detector array. A beam of coherent light is split into a reference beam and a signal beam which are used to record a hologram into the recording medium. The recording medium is usually a photorefractive crystal such as LiNbO3 or BaTiO3 that has certain optical characteristics. These characteristics are high diffraction efficiency, high resolution, and permanent storage until erasure, and fast erasure on the application of external stimulus such as UV light. A ‘hologram’ is simply the three-dimensional interference pattern of the intersection of the reference and signal beams at 90 degrees to each other. This interference pattern is imprinted into the crystal as regions of positive and negative charge. To retrieve the stored hologram, a beam of light that has the same incidence wavelength and incidence angle of incidence beam is sent into the crystal and the resulting diffraction pattern is used to reconstruct the pattern of the signal beam. Many different holograms may be stored in the same crystal volume by changing the angle of incidence of the reference beam. One characteristic of the recording medium that limits the usefulness of holographic storage is the property that every time the crystal is read with the reference beam, the stored hologram at that “location” is disturbed by the reference beam and some of the data integrity is lost. With current technology, recorded holograms in Fe- and Tb-doped LiNbO3 that use UV light to activate the Tb atoms can be preserved without significant decay for two years.

(ii). Writing Data

This process of writing information onto an HVD starts with encoding the information into binary to be stored in the SLM. This information changes to zeros and ones which represents as opaque or translucent areas on a “page”. The below image shows the path of the information beam.

The blue-green argon laser is excited; a beam of splitter creates two beams. First beam, known as the signal beam or object beam, which will go straight, bound on a mirror and travel all the way through a Spatial- Light Modulator. It is a Liquid crystal display (LCD) which will shows a raw binary data and dark boxes. This page of binary code is travelled by the signal beam around the crystal that is light-sensitive. Some systems use a photopolymer replacing the crystal. A second beam i.e. reference beam, outside of beam splits and takes a different direction to the crystal. When the two beams overlap each other, the interference pattern created on stores of the information is carried by signal beam in a particular area of the crystal. Thus the data is stored as a hologram.

(iii). Reading Data

A benefit of a holographic memory is that an full page of data can be read fastly and at one time. To retrieve and rebuild the holographic page of information stored in the crystal, the reference beam appears in the crystal accurately at the same angle which entered to store the page of data. Every page of data is stored in different parts of the crystal, depending upon the angle the reference beam is going to strike. In the reconstruction, of a beam will be diffracted by the crystal which allows to create the original page that was actually stored. This reconstruction of page is then projected onto (CCD) charge-coupled device camera that determinates and forwards the required information to a computer.

CCD is a 2-D array of thousands or millions of tiny solar cells, each of which transforms the light from one small portion of the image into electrons. Next step is to read the value (accumulated charge) of each cell in the image. In a CCD device, the charge is actually transported across the chip and read at one corner of the array. An analog-to-digital converter turns each pixel’s value into a digital value. CCDs use a special manufacturing process to create the ability to transport charge across the chip without distortion. This process leads to very high-quality sensors in terms of fidelity and light sensitivity. CCD sensors have been mass produced for a longer period of time, so they are more mature. They tend to have higher quality and more pixels.

The entire component of holographic data storage system consists of angle at which the next reference beam is excited at the crystal helps to create the same page of data. It must match the original reference beam angle accurately. A small difference results in failure to recovers the page of data.

5. Advantages of Holographic Memory

Holographic memory offers storage capacity of about 1 TB. Speed of retrieval of data in tens of microseconds compared to data access time of almost 10ms offered by the fastest hard disk today. By the time they are available they can transfer an entire movie in 30 seconds. Information search is also faster in holographic memory. Consider the case of large databases that are stored on hard disk today. To retrieve any piece of information you first provide some reference data. The data is then searched by its address, track, sector and so on after which it is compared with the reference data. In holographic storage entire pages can be retrieved where contents of two or more pages can be compared optically without having to retrieve the information contained in them. Also HDSS has no moving parts. So the limitations of mechanical motion such as friction can be removed.

It also had the following advantages:

Resistance to damage – If some parts of the medium are damaged, all information can still be obtained from other parts.

Efficient retrieval – All information can be retrieved from any part of the medium.

These discs have the capacity to store up to 4 terabyte of information, which approximately stores 6,000 times the capacity of CD-ROM , 830 times the capacity of DVD, 160 times of Blu-ray-Discs(single layer) and about 8 times that of the standard computer hard drives.

It had a transfer rate of 1 Gigabit/sec

6. Applications of Holographic Memory

There are many possible applications of holographic memory. Holographic memory systems can potentially provide the high-speed transfers and large volumes of future computer systems. One possible application is data mining. Data mining is the process of finding patterns in large amounts of data. Data mining is used greatly in large databases which hold possible patterns which can’t be distinguished by human eyes due to the vast amount of data. Some current computer systems implement data mining, but the mass amount of storage required is pushing the limits of current data storage systems. The many advances in access times and data storage capacity that holographic memory provides could exceed conventional storage and speed up data mining considerably. This would result in more located patterns in a shorter amount of time.

Another possible application of holographic memory is in petaflop computing. A Petaflop is a thousand trillion floating point operations per second. The fast access in extremely large amounts of data provided by holographic memory systems could be utilized in petaflop architecture. Clearly advances are needed in more than memory systems, but the theoretical schematics do exist for such a machine. Optical storage such as holographic memory provides a viable solution to the extreme amount of data which is required for petaflop computing.

Holographic memory can be used as extended DRAM with 10ns access time, Hard disk drives, CD ROMs of large storage capacity and rock mounted of petabytes storage capacity.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

The research on holographic memory is taking place in well guarded and rich companies like IBM, ROCKWELL and InPhase. InPhase claims to have developed a holographic memory of size slightly larger than a DVD. It has a capacity of about 100GB. They are trying to push it upto 1TB.

IBM and ROCKWELL claims to have developed a recording medium less sensitive than lithium niobate crystals.

7. Comparison with Other Storage Devices

Storage Medium

Access Time

Data Transfer Rate

Storage Capacity

Holographic Memory

2.4 ms

10 GB/s

400 Mbits/cm2

Main Memory (RAM)

10 – 40 ns

5 MB/s

4.0 Mbits/cm2

Magnetic Disk

8.3 ms

5 – 20 MB/s

100 Mbits/cm2

Comparing the access times holographic memory lies midway between that of main memory and magnetic disk. Data transfer rate is 10GB/s which is higher than that of other storage devices and, and a storage capacity that is higher than both main memory and magnetic disk. Certainly if the issues of hologram decay and interference are resolved, then holographic memory could become a part of the memory hierarchy, or take the place of magnetic disk much as magnetic disk has displaced magnetic tape for most applications.

8. Conclusion

The future of holographic memory is very promising. The page access of data that holographic memory creates will provide a window into next generation computing by adding another dimension to stored data. Finding holograms in personal computers might be a bit longer off, however. The large cost of high-tech optical equipment would make small-scale systems implemented with holographic memory impractical. Holographic memory will most likely be used in next generation super computers where cost is not as much of an issue. Current magnetic storage devices remain far more cost effective than any other medium on the market. As computer systems evolve, it is not unreasonable to believe that magnetic storage will continue to do so. As mentioned earlier, however, these improvements are not made on the conceptual level. The current storage in a personal computer operates on the same principles used in the first magnetic data storage devices. The parallel nature of holographic memory has many potential gains on serial storage methods. However, many advances in optical technology and photosensitive materials need to be made before we find holograms in computer systems.