Crank And Slotted Lever Mechanism Engineering Essay
In a kinematic chain when one link is fixed, then that chain is known as mechanism. It may be used for transmitting or transforming motion for example engine indicators, typewriters etc.[1]
A mechanism which has four links is known as simple mechanism, and a mechanism which has more than four links is known as complex mechanism. A mechanism which is required to transmit some particular type of work is knows as machines. In certain cased the elements have to be designed to withstand the forces safely.
A mechanism is a kinematic chain in which kinematic pairs are connected in such a way that first link is joined to the last link to transmit a predetermined constrained motion
The various parts of the mechanism are called as links or elements. When two links are in contact and a relative motion is possible, then they are known as a pair. An arbitrary set of a link which forms a closed chain which is capable of relative motion and that can be made into a rigid structure by adding a single link is known as kinematics chain. To form a mechanism from a kinematics chain one of the link must be fixed. The technique obtaining different mechanism by fixing the various link in turn is knows as inversion. [2]
Fig 1.1-Chart illustrating kinematic pair makes up a machine
CHAPTER 2
KINEMATIC PAIRS
Two links that can move with respect to each other by a mechanical constraint between them, with one or more degrees of freedom
The relative motion between two links of a pair can take different form. Three types of pair are identified as lower pairs and these are the commonly occurring ones.
Sliding: Such as occurs between a piston and a cylinder
Turning: Such occurs with a wheel on an axle
Screw Motion: Such as occurs between a nut and a bolt
All other cases are considered to be combination of sliding and rolling is called higher pairs. Screw pair is higher pair as it combines turning and sliding.
2.1 Classification of Kinematic Pairs
Since kinematics pairs deals with relative motion between two links then can be classifies based on the characteristics of relative motion between two bodies.
The type of relative motion between the elements
The type of contact between the elements
The type of closure[1]
The type of relative motion between the elements
The kinematic pair according to type of relative motion can classified as below
Sliding Pair
Turning Pair
Rolling Pair
Screw Pair
Spherical Pair
2.1.2 The type of contact between the elements
The kinematic pair according to type of contact between the elements can be classified
Lower Pair
Higher Pair
2.1.3 The type of closure
The kinematic pair according to type of closure between the elements can be classified as
Self -Closed Pair
Force -Closed Pair
2.2 GRUBLERS CRITERION FOR PLANAR MECHANISM
The Grubler’s criterion applies to mechanism with only single degree of freedom joints where the overall movability of the mechanism is unity.Subtituting n=1 and h=0 in kutzbach equation we have [3]
F= 3 (n-1) – 2j – h
The equation is known as Grubler’s criterion for plane mechanisms with constrained motion.
2j-3n+h+4=0
Where, F=number of degrees of freedom of a chain
j= number of lower kinematic pairs
h = number of higher kinematic pairs
n= number of links
When F=1, the linkage is called a mechanism.
When F=0 it forms a structure. That is an application of external force does not produce relative motion between any links of a linkage
When F>1 the linkage will require more than one external driving force 2 obtain constrained motion
When F<1 there is one redundant member and that the chain is statically indeterminate structure
2.3 KINEMATIC CHAIN
A Kinematic Chain is defined as a closed network of links, connected by kinematic pairs so that the motion is constrained.
First a network of links to give constrained motion, certain conditions are to be satisfied. Minimum number of three links is required to form a closed chain .The three links are connected with turning pairs.
Fig.2.1 (a) A Five-Link Kinematic Chain (b) Six-Link Kinematic Mechanism
2.3.1 Types of kinematic chains
The most important kinematic chains are those which consists of four lower pairs, each pair being a sliding pair or a turning pair
Four Bar Chain or Quadric Cyclic Chain
Single Slider Crank chain
Double slider crank chain
2.3.2 Inversions
Inversion is a method of obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain. A particular inversion of a mechanism may give rise to different mechanism of practical unity, when the proportions of the link are changed [2].
CHAPTER 3
SLOTTED LINK QUICK RETURN MECHANISM
Slotted link mechanism which is commonly used in shaper mechanism. The mechanism which converts rotary motion of electric motor and gear box into the reciprocating motion of ram which is the most simple and compact machine.[3]
Fig 3.1 : Slotted link mechanism
The slotted link mechanism which is mainly divided into seven main parts .They are
A – Clamping nut
B – Ram
C – Link D
D – Crankpin A
E – Slotted crank B
F – Bull Wheel
G – Glot
Slotted link mechanism gives ram the higher velocity during the return stroke (i.e. Non cutting stroke) .Then the forward stroke which reduces the wasting during the return stroke. [4]
When the bull wheel is rotated the crank pin A is also rotated side by side through the slot the crank B. This makes the slotted crank B.This makes the slotted crank to oscillate about one end C.The oscillation motion of slotted crank makes ram to reciprocate. The intermediate D is required to accommodate the rise and fall of the crank.
Crank Pin A decides the length of the strokes of the shaper. The further it’s away from the center of the bull wheel longer is its stroke.
The cutting stroke of the ram is complete while crank pin moves from A to A1 and slotted link goes from left to right.
During return stroke pin moves from A1 to A and link moves from right to left
Cutting Time/Idle Time = Angle of AZA1/ Angles of AZA2
3.1 SHAPER MECHANISM
The working of a shaper mechanism is that it has two stokes. One is forward stroke and the other is return stroke. Clearing up more about these two strokes is that in the forward stroke the material is feeded, where as in the return stroke is an idle stroke when no material is feeded.[6]
Fig 3.2 : Shaper Mechanism
Shaping process which involves only short setup time and uses only inexpensive tools. Shaping is used for the production of gears ,splined shafts racks etc. it can produce one or two such parts in a shaper less time that is required to setup for production. Other alternatively equipment with a higher output rate is required. [5]
The cost per cubic cm of metal removal by shaping may be as five times more than that of the removal by milling or broaching. Shaping machines are mainly used in tool rooms or model shops.
3.2 SHAPER CUTTING SPEED
The cutting speed depends on
The type of material used.
The amount of material removed.
The kinds of tool material.
The rigidity of machine.
3.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHITHWORTH AS WELL AS QUICK RETURN MECHANISM
Maximum pressure is holding the ram down the slides so that steadying is most necessary on entering the cut
In Whitworth motion, the main pressure is in the correct place, less pressure is required in center of stroke.
Slotted link motion is opposite to all the points explained above.
Not withstanding the recompense stated above for the Whitworth motion, constructional difficulty make it more suitable for traversing head shaping machines and slotting machines, so that the crank motion, despite its restrictions finds universal adaptation for the pillar style of shaping machines.[6]
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER MECHANISM
Design and fabrication of crank and slotted lever mechanism and also doing the structural and thermal analysis of crank shaft. Drawing the velocity diagram of the mechanism.
Fig 4.1 : Dimensions for the components using AutoCAD
DESIGNING USING CATIA
The design of different components is explained here using Catia.
SLOTTED LEVER
Slotted lever connected to the crank shaft which provides the forward and backward motion of the tool post. The drawing is done as per the dimensions shown above. Different view of the slotted lever is also explained
Fig 4.2: Design of slotted lever
FIG4.3: Different angle view of slotted lever
CRANK SHAFT
Crank shaft which is connected to flywheel with the help of a motor , which provides the rotation of the crank shaft as well as the rotation of the slotted lever connected to it. The drawing is done as per the dimensions shown above. Different view of the crank shaft is also explained
Fig 4.4: DESIGN of crank shaft
Fig 4.5: Different angle view of crank shaft
TOOL POST
Tool post which is connected to slotted lever, where the tool is connected to it which is used for the cutting of materials. The drawing is done as per the dimensions shown above. Different view of the Tool post is also explained
Fig 4.6: Design of tool post
Fig 4.7: Different angle view of tool post
TOOL CUTTER
Tool cutter is connected to the tool which is used to cut the material. The design is done as per assumed dimensions. Different view of the Tool is also explained.
Fig 4.8: Design of tool
Fig 4.9: Different angle view of tool
5.2 FABRICATION OF CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER
With the help of above design of different components it has been combined together to form a crank and slotted lever mechanism which is seen mainly in shaper machines.
Fig4.10: Design of crank and slotted lever mechanism
The final fabrication model will be represented as shown below.
Fig4.11: Final Design of crank and slotted lever mechanism
4.3 MODEL FABRICATION
To conclude my Assigned project I hereby affix few photos of crank and slotted quick return mechanism indicating the functioning the same.
Fig 4.12: FABRICATED MODEL OF CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER
Fig 4.13: SLOTTED LEVER CONNECTED TO THE LEVER
CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CRANK SHAFT
Crank and slotted lever mechanism, crank shaft which acts as the rotating device which helps the slotted lever forward and backward movement. Therefore analyzing the different propertied which take place in a crank shaft
5.1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Fig 5.1: Crank shaft used for analysis
Units
TABLE 1
Unit System
Metric (m, kg, N, s, V, A) Degrees rad/s Celsius
Angle
Degrees
Rotational Velocity
rad/s
Temperature
Celsius
Model (C4)
Geometry
TABLE 2
Model (C4) > Geometry
Object Name
Geometry
State
Fully Defined
Definition
Source
C:UsersPATRICKDesktopPAPArollcageSUDEEPPart1.CATPart
Type
Catia5
Length Unit
Millimeters
Element Control
Program Controlled
Display Style
Part Color
Bounding Box
Length X
2.e-002 m
Length Y
0.20055 m
Length Z
0.19999 m
Properties
Volume
6.2904e-004 m³
Mass
4.938 kg
Scale Factor Value
1.
Statistics
Bodies
1
Active Bodies
1
Nodes
3258
Elements
556
Mesh Metric
None
Preferences
Import Solid Bodies
Yes
Import Surface Bodies
Yes
Import Line Bodies
No
Parameter Processing
Yes
Personal Parameter Key
DS
CAD Attribute Transfer
No
Named Selection Processing
No
Material Properties Transfer
No
CAD Associatively
Yes
Import Coordinate Systems
No
Reader Save Part File
No
Import Using Instances
Yes
Do Smart Update
No
Attach File Via Temp File
Yes
Temporary Directory
C:UsersPATRICKAppDataLocalTemp
Analysis Type
3-D
Mixed Import Resolution
None
Enclosure and Symmetry Processing
Yes
TABLE 3
Model (C4) > Geometry > Parts
Object Name
Part 1
State
Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible
Yes
Transparency
1
Definition
Suppressed
No
Stiffness Behavior
Flexible
Coordinate System
Default Coordinate System
Reference Temperature
By Environment
Material
Assignment
Structural Steel
Nonlinear Effects
Yes
Thermal Strain Effects
Yes
Bounding Box
Length X
2.e-002 m
Length Y
0.20055 m
Length Z
0.19999 m
Properties
Volume
6.2904e-004 m³
Mass
4.938 kg
Centroid X
1.e-002 m
Centroid Y
-1.9072e-004 m
Centroid Z
-1.9565e-004 m
Moment of Inertia Ip1
2.4661e-002 kg·m²
Moment of Inertia Ip2
1.2451e-002 kg·m²
Moment of Inertia Ip3
1.2537e-002 kg·m²
Statistics
Nodes
3258
Elements
556
Mesh Metric
None
Coordinate Systems
TABLE 4
Model (C4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System
Object Name
Global Coordinate System
State
Fully Defined
Definition
Type
Cartesian
Ansys System Number
0.
Origin
Origin X
0. m
Origin Y
0. m
Origin Z
0. m
Directional Vectors
X Axis Data
[ 1. 0. 0. ]
Y Axis Data
[ 0. 1. 0. ]
Z Axis Data
[ 0. 0. 1. ]
Mesh
TABLE 5
Model (C4) > Mesh
Object Name
Mesh
State
Solved
Defaults
Physics Preference
Mechanical
Relevance
Sizing
Use Advanced Size Function
Off
Relevance Center
Coarse
Element Size
Default
Initial Size Seed
Active Assembly
Smoothing
Medium
Transition
Fast
Span Angle Center
Coarse
Minimum Edge Length
2.e-002 m
Inflation
Use Automatic Tet Inflation
None
Inflation Option
Smooth Transition
Transition Ratio
0.272
Maximum Layers
5
Growth Rate
1.2
Inflation Algorithm
Pre
View Advanced Options
No
Advanced
Shape Checking
Standard Mechanical
Element Midside Nodes
Program Controlled
Straight Sided Elements
No
Number of Retries
Default (4)
Rigid Body Behavior
Dimensionally Reduced
Mesh Morphing
Disabled
Pinch
Pinch Tolerance
Please Define
Generate on Refresh
No
Statistics
Nodes
3258
Elements
556
Mesh Metric
None
Static Structural (C5)
TABLE 6
Model (C4) > Analysis
Object Name
Static Structural (C5)
State
Solved
Definition
Physics Type
Structural
Analysis Type
Static Structural
Solver Target
ANSYS Mechanical
Options
Environment Temperature
22. °C
Generate Input Only
No
TABLE 7
Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Analysis Settings
Object Name
Analysis Settings
State
Fully Defined
Step Controls
Number Of Steps
1.
Current Step Number
1.
Step End Time
1. s
Auto Time Stepping
Program Controlled
Solver Controls
Solver Type
Program Controlled
Weak Springs
Program Controlled
Large Deflection
Off
Inertia Relief
Off
Nonlinear Controls
Force Convergence
Program Controlled
Moment Convergence
Program Controlled
Displacement Convergence
Program Controlled
Rotation Convergence
Program Controlled
Line Search
Program Controlled
Output Controls
Calculate Stress
Yes
Calculate Strain
Yes
Calculate Results At
All Time Points
Analysis Data Management
Solver Files Directory
F:ansyshallo_filesdp0SYS-1MECH
Future Analysis
None
Scratch Solver Files Directory
Save ANSYS db
No
Delete Unneeded Files
Yes
Nonlinear Solution
No
Solver Units
Active System
Solver Unit System
mks
TABLE 8
Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Rotations
Object Name
Rotational Velocity
State
Fully Defined
Scope
Geometry
All Bodies
Definition
Define By
Vector
Magnitude
200. rad/s (ramped)
Axis
Defined
Suppressed
No
Fig 5.2 : Graph showing rotational velocity
TABLE 9
Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Loads
Object Name
Frictionless Support
State
Fully Defined
Scope
Scoping Method
Geometry Selection
Geometry
1 Face
Definition
Type
Frictionless Support
Suppressed
No
Solution (C6)
TABLE 10
Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution
Object Name
Solution (C6)
State
Solved
Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Max Refinement Loops
1.
Refinement Depth
2.
TABLE 11
Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution (C6) > Solution Information
Object Name
Solution Information
State
Solved
Solution Information
Solution Output
Solver Output
Newton-Raphson Residuals
Update Interval
2.5 s
Display Points
All
TABLE 12
Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution (C6) > Results
Object Name
Total Deformation
Minimum Principal Elastic Strain
Stress Intensity
Middle Principal Stress
Equivalent Stress
State
Solved
Scope
Scoping Method
Geometry Selection
Geometry
All Bodies
Definition
Type
Total Deformation
Minimum Principal Elastic Strain
Stress Intensity
Middle Principal Stress
Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress
By
Time
Display Time
Last
Calculate Time History
Yes
Identifier
Use Average
Â
Yes
Results
Minimum
8.5255e-009 m
-8.1173e-006 m/m
5.3895e+005 Pa
-4.8689e+005 Pa
5.3642e+005 Pa
Maximum
7.9016e-007 m
-8.1177e-007 m/m
3.0171e+006 Pa
1.2909e+006 Pa
2.7325e+006 Pa
Information
Time
1. s
Load Step
1
Substep
1
Iteration Number
1
TABLE 13
Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution (C6) > Results
Object Name
Shear Stress
Vector Principal Elastic Strain
Strain Energy
State
Solved
Scope
Scoping Method
Geometry Selection
Geometry
All Bodies
Definition
Type
Shear Stress
Vector Principal Elastic Strain
Strain Energy
Orientation
XY Plane
Â
By
Time
Display Time
Last
Coordinate System
Global Coordinate System
Â
Calculate Time History
Yes
Use Average
Yes
Â
Identifier
Results
Minimum
-3.4345e+005 Pa
Â
5.6327e-007 J
Maximum
3.4345e+005 Pa
Â
1.1931e-005 J
Information
Time
1. s
Load Step
1
Substep
1
Iteration Number
1
Material Data
Structural Steel
TABLE 14
Structural Steel > Constants
Density
7850 kg m^-3
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
1.2e-005 C^-1
Specific Heat
434 J kg^-1 C^-1
Thermal Conductivity
60.5 W m^-1 C^-1
Resistivity
1.7e-007 ohm m
TABLE 15
Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength
Compressive Ultimate Strength Pa
TABLE 16
Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength
Compressive Yield Strength Pa
2.5e+008
TABLE 17
Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength
Tensile Yield Strength Pa
2.5e+008
TABLE 18
Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength
Tensile Ultimate Strength Pa
4.6e+008
TABLE 19
Structural Steel > Alternating Stress
Alternating Stress Pa
Cycles
Mean Stress Pa
3.999e+009
10
2.827e+009
20
1.896e+009
50
1.413e+009
100
1.069e+009
200
4.41e+008
2000
2.62e+008
10000
2.14e+008
20000
1.38e+008
1.e+005
1.14e+008
2.e+005
8.62e+007
1.e+006
TABLE 20
Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters
Strength Coefficient Pa
Strength Exponent
Ductility Coefficient
Ductility Exponent
Cyclic Strength Coefficient Pa
Cyclic Strain Hardening Exponent
9.2e+008
-0.106
0.213
-0.47
1.e+009
0.2
TABLE 21
Structural Steel > Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability
10000
TABLE 22
Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity
Temperature C
Young’s Modulus Pa
Poisson’s Ratio
2.e+011
0.3
Fig 5.3 : Middle Principal Stress
Fig 5.3: Principal Stress
Fig 5.4: Strain Energy
Fig 5.5: Minimm Principal Elastic Strain
Fig 5.6: Stress Intensity
Fig 5.7: TOTAL Deformation
Fig 5.8: VECTOR Principal Elastic Strain
5.2 THERMAL ANALYSIS
Thermal Analysis is the heat developed in crank shaft.
Units
TABLE 1
Unit System
Metric (m, kg, N, s, V, A) Degrees rad/s Celsius
Angle
Degrees
Rotational Velocity
rad/s
Temperature
Celsius
Model (D4)
Geometry
TABLE 2
Model (D4) > Geometry
Object Name
Geometry
State
Fully Defined
Definition
Source
C:UsersPATRICKDesktopPAPArollcageSUDEEPPart1.CATPart
Type
Catia5
Length Unit
Millimeters
Element Control
Program Controlled
Display Style
Part Color
Bounding Box
Length X
2.e-002 m
Length Y
0.20055 m
Length Z
0.19999 m
Properties
Volume
6.2904e-004 m³
Mass
4.938 kg
Scale Factor Value
1.
Statistics
Bodies
1
Active Bodies
1
Nodes
3258
Elements
556
Mesh Metric
None
Preferences
Import Solid Bodies
Yes
Import Surface Bodies
Yes
Import Line Bodies
No
Parameter Processing
Yes
Personal Parameter Key
DS
CAD Attribute Transfer
No
Named Selection Processing
No
Material Properties Transfer
No
CAD Associativity
Yes
Import Coordinate Systems
No
Reader Save Part File
No
Import Using Instances
Yes
Do Smart Update
No
Attach File Via Temp File
Yes
Temporary Directory
C:UsersPATRICKAppDataLocalTemp
Analysis Type
3-D
Mixed Import Resolution
None
Enclosure and Symmetry Processing
Yes
TABLE 3
Model (D4) > Geometry > Parts
Object Name
Part 1
State
Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible
Yes
Transparency
1
Definition
Suppressed
No
Stiffness Behavior
Flexible
Coordinate System
Default Coordinate System
Reference Temperature
By Environment
Material
Assignment
Structural Steel
Nonlinear Effects
Yes
Thermal Strain Effects
Yes
Bounding Box
Length X
2.e-002 m
Length Y
0.20055 m
Length Z
0.19999 m
Properties
Volume
6.2904e-004 m³
Mass
4.938 kg
Centroid X
1.e-002 m
Centroid Y
-1.9072e-004 m
Centroid Z
-1.9565e-004 m
Moment of Inertia Ip1
2.4661e-002 kg·m²
Moment of Inertia Ip2
1.2451e-002 kg·m²
Moment of Inertia Ip3
1.2537e-002 kg·m²
Statistics
Nodes
3258
Elements
556
Mesh Metric
None
Coordinate Systems
TABLE 4
Model (D4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System
Object Name
Global Coordinate System
State
Fully Defined
Definition
Type
Cartesian
Ansys System Number
0.
Origin
Origin X
0. m
Origin Y
0. m
Origin Z
0. m
Directional Vectors
X Axis Data
[ 1. 0. 0. ]
Y Axis Data
[ 0. 1. 0. ]
Z Axis Data
[ 0. 0. 1. ]
Mesh
TABLE 5
Model (D4) > Mesh
Object Name
Mesh
State
Solved
Defaults
Physics Preference
Mechanical
Relevance
Sizing
Use Advanced Size Function
Off
Relevance Center
Coarse
Element Size
Default
Initial Size Seed
Active Assembly
Smoothing
Medium
Transition
Fast
Span Angle Center
Coarse
Minimum Edge Length
2.e-002 m
Inflation
Use Automatic Tet Inflation
None
Inflation Option
Smooth Transition
Transition Ratio
0.272
Maximum Layers
5
Growth Rate
1.2
Inflation Algorithm
Pre
View Advanced Options
No
Advanced
Shape Checking
Standard Mechanical
Element Midside Nodes
Program Controlled
Straight Sided Elements
No
Number of Retries
Default (4)
Rigid Body Behavior
Dimensionally Reduced
Mesh Morphing
Disabled
Pinch
Pinch Tolerance
Please Define
Generate on Refresh
No
Statistics
Nodes
3258
Elements
556
Mesh Metric
None
Steady-State Thermal (D5)
TABLE 6
Model (D4) > Analysis
Object Name
Steady-State Thermal (D5)
State
Solved
Definition
Physics Type
Thermal
Analysis Type
Steady-State
Solver Target
ANSYS Mechanical
Options
Generate Input Only
No
TABLE 7
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Initial Condition
Object Name
Initial Temperature
State
Fully Defined
Definition
Initial Temperature
Uniform Temperature
Initial Temperature Value
22. °C
TABLE 8
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Analysis Settings
Object Name
Analysis Settings
State
Fully Defined
Step Controls
Number Of Steps
1.
Current Step Number
1.
Step End Time
1. s
Auto Time Stepping
Program Controlled
Solver Controls
Solver Type
Program Controlled
Nonlinear Controls
Heat Convergence
Program Controlled
Temperature Convergence
Program Controlled
Line Search
Program Controlled
Output Controls
Calculate Thermal Flux
Yes
Calculate Results At
All Time Points
Analysis Data Management
Solver Files Directory
F:ansyshallo_filesdp0SYS-2MECH
Future Analysis
None
Scratch Solver Files Directory
Save ANSYS db
No
Delete Unneeded Files
Yes
Nonlinear Solution
Yes
Solver Units
Active System
Solver Unit System
mks
TABLE 9
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Loads
Object Name
Convection
Radiation
Temperature
Heat Flux
State
Fully Defined
Scope
Scoping Method
Geometry Selection
Geometry
1 Face
1 Body
Apply To
Â
Exterior Faces Only
Â
Definition
Type
Convection
Radiation
Temperature
Heat Flux
Film Coefficient
120. W/m²·°C (ramped)
Â
Ambient Temperature
22. °C (ramped)
Â
Suppressed
No
Correlation
Â
To Ambient
Â
Emissivity
Â
1. (step applied)
Â
Magnitude
Â
22. °C (ramped)
10. W/m² (ramped)
FIGURE 1
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Convection
Fig 5.9: GRAPH explaining convention process taking place
FIGURE 2
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Radiation
Fig 5.10: GRAPH explaining radiation process taking place
FIGURE 3
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Temperature
Fig 5.11: GRAPH explaining temperature process taking place
FIGURE 4
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Heat Flux
Fig 5.12: GRAPH explaining Heat Flux process taking place
TABLE 10
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Convection
Steps
Time [s]
Convection Coefficient [W/m²·°C]
Temperature [°C]
1
0.
0.
22.
1.
120.
Solution (D6)
TABLE 11
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Solution
Object Name
Solution (D6)
State
Solved
Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Max Refinement Loops
1.
Refinement Depth
2.
TABLE 12
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Solution (D6) > Solution Information
Object Name
Solution Information
State
Solved
Solution Information
Solution Output
Solver Output
Update Interval
2.5 s
Display Points
All
TABLE 13
Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Solution (D6) > Results
Object Name
Total Heat Flux
Directional Heat Flux
Thermal Error
State
Solved
Scope
Scoping Method
Geometry Selection
Geometry
All Bodies
Definition
Type
Total Heat Flux
Directional Heat Flux
Thermal Error
By
Time
Display Time
Last
Calculate Time History
Yes
Use Average
Yes
Â
Identifier
Orientation
Â
X Axis
Â
Coordinate System
Â
Global Coordinate System
Â
Results
Minimum
1.0469e-009 W/m²
-6.8951e-008 W/m²
2.0492e-023
Maximum
2.6243e-007 W/m²
5.9061e-008 W/m²
1.8363e-022
Information
Time
1. s
Load Step
1
Substep
1
Iteration Number
1
Material Data
Structural Steel
TABLE 14
Structural Steel > Constants
Density
7850 kg m^-3
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
1.2e-005 C^-1
Specific Heat
434 J kg^-1 C^-1
Thermal Conductivity
60.5 W m^-1 C^-1
Resistivity
1.7e-007 ohm m
TABLE 15
Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength
Compressive Ultimate Strength Pa
TABLE 16
Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength
Compressive Yield Strength Pa
2.5e+008
TABLE 17
Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength
Tensile Yield Strength Pa
2.5e+008
TABLE 18
Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength
Tensile Ultimate Strength Pa
4.6e+008
TABLE 19
Structural Steel > Alternating Stress
Alternating Stress Pa
Cycles
Mean Stress Pa
3.999e+009
10
2.827e+009
20
1.896e+009
50
1.413e+009
100
1.069e+009
200
4.41e+008
2000
2.62e+008
10000
2.14e+008
20000
1.38e+008
1.e+005
1.14e+008
2.e+005
8.62e+007
1.e+006
TABLE 20
Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters
Strength Coefficient Pa
Strength Exponent
Ductility Coefficient
Ductility Exponent
Cyclic Strength Coefficient Pa
Cyclic Strain Hardening Exponent
9.2e+008
-0.106
0.213
-0.47
1.e+009
0.2
TABLE 21
Structural Steel > Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability
10000
TABLE 22
Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity
Temperature C
Young’s Modulus Pa
Poisson’s Ratio
2.e+011
0.3
Fig 5.13: DIRECTIONAL Heat Flux
Fig 5.14: THERMAL Error
Fig 5.15: TOTAL Heat Flux
CHAPTER 6
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS
The complete velocity analysis for a quick return mechanism is shown is fig 7.1
6.1 CONFIGURATION DIAGRAM
To find out the, β and ¥ value to plot the configuration diagram. The Data for plotting is given below. [2]
O2A4 = 110, mm
O2A = 380mm
O4A = 450mm
N2 = 200rpm
É 2 = 2 À N2 = 2 Ã- 3.14 Ã- 200 = 21 rad/ sec
60 60
To find out the value of α use cosine rule
O2A42 + O2A2 – 2 (O2A4) O2A cosα = O4A2
1102 + 3802 -2(110)380cosα =4502
α = 1230
To find out the value of β use sine rule
O4A = O2A
sin α sin β
480 = 380…
Sin123 sin β
β = 400
To find out the value of ¥
O2A = O2A4
sin β sin¥
Â¥ =170
Fig 6.1: CONFIGURATION DIAGRAM
6.2 VELOCITY DIAGRAM
VELOCITY DIAGRAM FOR [A2,A3]
To find the velocity of O2A2 (Crank Shaft) [ A2 ,A3 ]
In this the crank (2) with slider (3) is attached to Point A. Point A in link 2 is as same as that of the velocity of point A in link 3 [2]
That is VA2 =VA3
VA2 = VA3 = O2A2 Ã- É 2
= 380 Ã- 21
= 8 m/s
q1 = α – 900
Fig 6.2: VELOCITY DIAGRAM [ A2 ,A3 ]
VELOCITY DIAGRAM [ A3 ,A4 ]
Link 4 is shown with the link 3 at point A4 Points A3 and A4 is coincident with points of link 3 and 4 respectively. The link 4 as the rigid body having plane motion and link 3 as the rigid body having relative motion with respect to link 4
q2 = β + 900 = 1300
Fig 6.3 : VELOCITY DIAGRAM [ A3 ,A4 ]
VELOCITY OF SLOTTED LEVER [A4 ]
To construct the velocity diagram do the following steps. First draw a line perpendicular to that of the crank shaft with a length of 8m/s. After that draw another line taking perpendicular to that of the slotted lever and join both the lines taking the angle as 900 .The angle between the crank shaft and the slotted lever will be 170. The representation will be shown below
Fig 6.4 : VELOCITY DIAGRAM OF SLOTTED LEVER [VA4 ]
Ol = VA3 = 8 m/s
Om = VA4 = 8 cos 17
= 7.65 m/s
Lm = VA3 ,A4 = 8 Cos 75
=2.33m/s
Therefore finding out the value of ̉ۡ4
̉ۡ4 = VA4 = 7.65 =17m/s
O4A 0.45
The velocity analysis is solved.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 CONCLUSION
Shaper mechanism which is most commonly seen in all engineering workshops which is used mainly to make flat surfaces easily .Understanding on how a shaper mechanism works .The forward and backward motion of the ram with the help of a slotted lever and also by the rotation of crank shaft which is rotated, which helps in the movement of the ram .
Design and fabrication of crank and slotted lever which helped in acquiring knowledge of different types of mechanism and also understanding the functions of different parts in crank and slotted lever mechanism. Also able to understand about the kinematic analysis and also gaining knowledge in structural as well as thermal analysis using Ansys .
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE
Future research will include on how to make this work in a better way and to find out more analysis on how to improve the efficiency of the crank shaft and slotted lever. Also to study the analysis on the full crank and slotted lever mechanism and also to study the simulation of working of the model.