Disadvantages
Keywords: protein amino acide, pH, lowry method
* Highly susceptible to contamination by buffers, biological materials and salts
* Protein amino acid composition is extremely important, thus the choice of a standard is very difficult, especially for purified proteins
* Absorbance is heavily influence by pH and ionic strength of the solution.
General Considerations
* This is often used to estimate protein concentration prior to a more sensitive method so the protein can be diluted to the correct range
Quantitative Procedure
* Zero the spectrophotometer with a buffer blank
* Make a standard curve using your standard of choice in the expected concentration range, using the same buffer that your unknown sample is in.
* Take the absorbance values at 280 nm in a quartz cuvette
* Place sample into quartz cuvette (make sure concentration is in the range of 20 µg to 3 mg
* Take absorbance at 280 nm
Estimation Procedure
* Zero spectrophotometer to water (or buffer)
* Take the absorbance at 280 nm in a quartz cuvette
* Change wavelength to 260 nm and zero with water (or buffer)
* Take absorption at 260 nm in a quartz cuvette
* Use the following equation to estimate the protein concentration
[Protein] (mg/mL) = 1.55*A280 – 0.76*A260
Discussion
Determination of protein concentration by ultraviolet absorption (260 to 280 nm) depends on the presence of aromatic amino acids in proteins. Tyrosine and tryptophan absorb at approximately 280 nm. Higher orders of protein structure also may absorb UV light or modify the molar absorptivities of tyrosine and tryptophan and thus the UV detection is highly sensitive to pH and ionic strength at which measurement is taken. Many other cellular components, and particularly nucleic acids, also absorb UV light. The ratio of A280/A260 is often used as a criterion of the purity of protein or nucleic acid samples during their purification. The real advantages of this method of determining protein concentration are that the sample is not destroyed and that it is very rapid. Although different proteins will have different amino acid compositions and thus different molar absorptivities, this method can be very accurate when comparing different solutions of the same protein.
To make an accurate determination of protein concentration, you will have to produce a standard curve (A280) with known amounts of purified protein. You will also have to provide a blank that is appropriate for the sample and contains the same concentrations of buffer and salts as the sample. It is often convenient to dialyze the sample and measure the absorbance of the retentate (still in the dialysis sack) using the dialysate as the blank. Care must be taken to use quartz cuvettes, since glass absorbs UV light. A handy equation to estimate protein concentration that is often used is
[Protein] (mg/mL) = 1.55*A280 – 0.76*A260
However, it is also a good idea to always use a standard curve and suggested that you evaluate the agreement of the results using the above equation with results using a standard curve.
This method is the least sensitive of the methods discussed here. For increased sensitivity, the wavelength can be lowered to the range of 210 to 225 nm. This measures the amide bond in proteins. However it is much more subject to interference from many more biological components and compounds used to make buffer solutions.
If you don’t know what the protein concentration of an unknown sample is likely to be, the ultraviolet method might be a good starting point. Prepare a standard curve for the absorbance at 280 and 260 nm. After you have the data for the standard curve, rezero the spectrophotometer with water. Place your samples into a dry 1 mL quartz cuvette and read the absorbance. If the A280 of your unknown sample is less than 2, you should probably not dilute your sample further. If the absorbance is >2, dilution will be required. When you are finished with the first measurement, the unknown can be returned to its original tube with minimal loss.
The Lowry Assay
References:
O.H. Lowry, N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall (1951) J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265. (The original method)
Hartree E. E. (1972). Anal. Biochem. 48: 422 (This modification makes the assay linear over a larger range than the original assay)
J.R. Dulley and P.A. Grieve (1975) Anal. Biochem. 64: 136. (This is a useful modification of the original Lowry method that includes 0.5% sodium dodecylsulfate in the alkaline reagent. This obviates interference from many detergents and helps disperse membranes in the sample.)
A. Bensadoun and D. Weinstein (1976) Anal. Biochem. 70: 241. (Another useful modification of the original Lowry method that can be useful when the solution contains interfering contaminants. The proteins in the samples are precipitated by a mixture of sodium deoxycholate and trichloroacetic acid and centrifugation prior to assay. If the contaminants stay in the supernatant they can be removed and the amount of precipitated protein determined.
Quick Guide
How does it work?
* The first step is a Biuret reaction which reduces Cu+2 to Cu+1
* The second reaction uses Cu+1 to reduce the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate). This is detectable in the range of 500 to 750 nm
Detection Limitations
* 2-100 µg
Advantages
* Sensitive over a wide range
* The most commonly referenced procedure for protein determination
* Can be performed at room temperature
* 10-20 times more sensitive than UV detection
* Can be performed in a microplate format
Disadvantages
* Many substances interfere with the assay
* Alkaline copper reagent is laborious to prepare and will develop carbonate scales over storage which interfere with optical activity, thus it must be prepared fresh daily
* Takes a considerable amount of time to perform
* The assay is photosensitive, so illumination during the assay must be kept consistent for all samples
* Amount of color varies with different proteins
General Considerations
* Some researchers have reported that repeated assays in the same cuvettes cause them to be etched
* Many chemical distributors sell a modified Lowry assay that is more stable and sensitive than homemade versions
* Since reduced copper is detected in the procedure, make sure that the distilled water used in the procedure is fed from plastic lines and not copper lines. In general water from 18 megaohm water polishers is satisfactory
* Variation in the content of tyrosine and tryptophan residues will influence the assay
Procedure
Alkaline Reagent
0.1 M NaOH
2% Na2CO3
0.5% Na Tartrate (use of potassium salt will cause SDS to be insoluble)
0.5% Na Dodecylsulfate
Copper Reagent
1% CuSO4*5H2O
Assay Mix (MAKE FRESH EACH DAY)
50 mL alkaline reagent and 0.5 mL copper reagent
Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent
Dilute with an equal volume of water to prepare the desired volume
Procedure:
* Add samples containing up to 100 µg of protein
* Bring all tubes to 1 mL total volume with water. Be sure to have two tubes containing only water as blanks. Also use reagent or buffer blanks if needed.
* Prepare the Assay Mix and diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.
* To each tube add 5 mL of assay mix and thoroughly vortex.
* Incubate tubes at room temperature for 10 min.
* Add 0.5 mL of diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Vortex immediately.
* Incubate at room temperature for 30 min.
* Vortex the tubes, zero the spectrophotometer with the blank and measure absorbance at 660 nm (or other appropriate wavelength). The data from the standard curve are usually linear enough that a straight-line interpolation can be used to determine the concentration of unknowns.
Discussion
The Lowry method relies on two different reactions. The first is the formation of a copper ion complex with amide bonds, forming reduced copper in alkaline solutions. This is called a “Biuret” chromophore. The second is the reduction of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate) by tyrosine and tryptophan residues. The reduced Folin-Ciocalteu reagent is blue and thus detectable with a spectrophotometer in the range of 500-750 nm. The Biuret reaction itself is not all that sensitive. Using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent to detect reduced copper makes the assay nearly 100 times more sensitive than the Biuret reaction alone.
The assay is relatively sensitive, but takes more time than other assays and is susceptible to many interfering compounds. The following substances are known to interfere with the Lowry assay: detergents, carbohydrates, glycerol, Tricine, EDTA, Tris, potassium compounds, sulfhydryl compounds, disulfide compounds, magnesium and calcium. Most of these interfering substances are commonly used in buffers for preparing proteins. This is one of the major limitations of the assay. The Lowry assay is sensitive to variations in the content of tyrosine and tryptophan residues. If the protein you are assaying has an unusual content of these residues, an appropriate substitute standard is required. The standard curve is linear in the 1 to 100 ug protein region. The absorbance can be read in the region of 500 to 750 nm. Most researchers use 660 nm, but other wavelengths also work and may reduce the effects of contamination (e.g. chlorophyll in plant samples interferes at 660 nm, but not at 750 nm).