Discourse Analysis of Opening Speeches at Shangri La

 

1. INTRODUCTION

       1.1 Rationale

         Under the growing trend towards globalization, English is known as the most preferable language used in every field of man’s life. No one can deny the usefulness of this language in enhancing international communication among individuals, organizations, as well as nations in this fast-changing world. Not surprisingly, English is a tool for countries all over the world to participate fully in the international network.

       Giving speech play an important role in any kind of forums, especially in summit conferences like Shangri-La Dialogue. A good speech will show the intentions, feelings, emotions,  expectation  and even the criticism of the speaker to his audiences. Thus, in order to have an effective and successful speech Shangri-La Dialogue, the speakers have to provide clear and relevant messages. In addition, their intellect, understanding, political stance and consistency need to be performed when the speakers give speech. Besides, the speaker’s attitude also plays an essential part in making the address more effectively, vividly and persuasively. Not only that the goal of persuasion, the messages are more persuasively and powerfully delivered.

I realize that there are so many interesting things that need to be studied in speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. There has been no research so far in Vietnam, to my knowledge, offering a discourse analysis of speeches in Shangri-La dialogues. From these factors, I have decided to choose “Adiscourse analysis of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues” as the topic of my M.A thesis because of its importance and significance. This thesis is carried out with the hope that the research will be a contribution to present linguistic knowledge and provide Vietnamese learners of English, especially students in the press and diplomatic fields with some useful information about the linguistic features of speeches in political forums.

2. Aims and objectives
   1. Aims of the study

       The study aims to investigate the discourse features of opening speeches  at Shangri-La dialogues  in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices.

1.2.2. Objectives

This paper is designed to aim at the following objectives:

– To examine the discourse features of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices.

– To study the significant effect of discourse features on opening speeches ( the contents of speech, the intention and  attitude of the lecturer…)

         – To discuss about the results of the findings so that a generalization of the language can be made.

– To suggest some implications for teaching English to Vietnamese learners especially students of the diplomacy and press fields.

      1.3. Scope of the Study

Within a limited scope of an M.A thesis, this research will focus on studying the discourse topics, the cohesive devices and the stylistic devices of opening speeches  used in Shangri-La dialogues.

4. Research questions

In order to achieve the above – mentioned aims and objectives, the research will seek to the answers for the following questions:

– What are the discourse  features  of  opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics?

– What are the discourse  features  of  opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their  cohesive devices?

– What are the discourse  features  of  opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their  stylistic devices?

    1.5. Organization of the study

The study is organized into five chapters as follows.

Chapter 1, Introduction presents the rationale, the aims and objectives, the research questions to solve, the scope and the organization of the research.

Chapter 2, Literature Review and Theoretical Background  consists of two parts. The first part is a review of previous studies related to this thesis. The second one is concerned with theoretical concepts of  terms : discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices.

Chapter 3, Methods and Procedures concerns itself with the research method, procedure of data collection, description of samples, data analysis and research procedures.

Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion discusses the main purpose of conducting this study. It focuses on answering the research questions about the discourse topics, cohesive devices, and stylistic devices of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. It presents the results and discusses the findings of the study.

Chapter 5, Conclusion and Recommendation draws conclusions and suggests some implications basing on the results in previous chapter.

2. LITERATURE  REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1.   Literature Review

          Discourse Analysis (DA) is a modern linguistic discipline that covers a wide variety of different fields. Discourse analysis examines language in use both written texts of all kinds and spoken data from conversation to highly institutionalized forms of talk. Analysis of discourse looks not only at the basic level of what is said, but takes into consideration the contexts which it is used. Thus, discourse analysis not only study language use “beyond the sentence boundar”, but also analyze ‘naturally occurring’ language use. It means that discourse analysis is one of the aspects which attract the interest of many linguists and researchers all over the world. Under the heading of discourse analysis, there have been a lot of studies dealing with a wide range of its subfields such as coherence, cohesion, context, conversation analysis, information structure, speech act theory and theme-rhyme. Up to present, many foreign scholars including Halliday and Hasan [30], Brown and Yule [18], Cook [21], Hatch [31], Nunan [33]… have made great contributions to the field in different approaches and methods. These publications focused on one or another  aspect of discourse analysis theory which gave us an overall picture of theoretical background to examine how language is in use.

In Vietnam, many linguists have made great contributions to the study of discourse analysis. Tran Ngoc Them [10] has investigated in detail cohesion in Vietnamese texts with “Hệ  thống liên kết văn bản Tiếng Việt and Văn bản và Liên kết trong Tiếng Việt“. Nguyen Duc Dan [4] and Nguyen Thien Giap [5] studied discourse analysis from a pragmatic view. Diep Quang Ban [2] has given an overall view of text and utterance especially above the sentence level. Nguyen Hoa with “Nghiên cứu diá»…n ngôn về chính trị – xã há»™i” [6] and more recently Nguyen Hoa with “Phân tích diá»…n ngôn phê bình” [8].

Besides, there have been a number of master theses dealing with political speeches including:

Le Thi Hoang Van [32] made an investigation into Linguistic Features of Antithesis in Political Speeches in English and Vietnamese. In this research, she investigated argumentation power of antithesis and stylistic features of rhetorical devices in antithesis in English political speeches and Vietnamese political speeches.

Pham Khac Thu [36] did a research on Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents. The author investigated a wide range of modal expressions used in all the inaugural speeches of the US presidents.

Nguyen Thi Hanh [35] investigated into the structure of Theme – Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches. The study focuses on the structure of Theme – Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches in terms of characteristics, semantic and pragmatic aspects.

Nguyen Uy Dung [34] carried out an investigation into Stylistic Devices in Political Speeches by US Presidents. The study highlighted the use of Stylistic Devices in political speeches by US Presidents. Most of them studied the discourse or a small aspect of political speeches being well-prepared in written texts by the politicians.

All study above gave me a  useful brief knowledge about discourse and help me have  an overview of language definition, language development and its branches in general, and language characteristics in details as well. Beside that, I also recognized that there are some fields which others theses do not deal with. I, myself,  would like to contribute my little more effort into them. To the best of my knowledge, up to now, there is little evidence that any research on discourse analysis of opening speeches in dialogues about political issues has been done. Thus, “A discourse analysis of Opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues” would be conducted with the  aim of contributing a minor part to the overall picture of this field.

2.2. Theoretical background

       The study will make use of a theoretical framework based on these following fundamental concepts.

2.2.1. Concepts of Discourse

2.2.2. Concepts of Discourse Analysis

2.2.3. Discourse topic

a. Topic framework

b. Presupposition pools

c. Sentential topic and the presupposition pool

2.2.4. Cohesion and Coherence

a. Cohesion

b. Coherence

2.2.5. Stylistic Devices

a. Definition of Stylistic Devices

c. Notion of Common Stylistic Devices in speech

b. Function of Stylistic Devices

2.2.6. An overview of a speech

3. METHOD AND PROCEDURE

    3.1 Research Design

Descriptive  method  seems to be the most popular tool in doing any linguistic research since linguistics is by nature a descriptive science and the analytic method is typically used to clarify and justify their features. As mentioned above, the aim of this study was to describe and analyze speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Descriptive and qualitative methods were used to give a detailed description of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Quantitative information was also collected to show the frequency of the discourse features of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues along with qualitative information about the discourse features of a speech.

3.2. Data collection and data analysis

3.2.1. Data Collection

The data of the study appeared in the form of transcripts of Shangri-La dialogues on the Internet  which are based on the criteria defined. They were selected mainly from the following website on August, 2015:

https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-s-la-s-dialogue/speeches

https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/sld12-43d9

https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2013-c890

http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2011-4eac

https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2010-0a26

https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2009-99ea

https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2008-2906

http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-diaogue-2007-d1ee

3.2.2. Data Analysis

      In this study, more than 14 samples of speeches used  in Shangri-La dialogues selected for the analysis are in the form of written texts in the sources provided. After collecting these samples of answer, they are analyzed in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices.

All samples are shown in the following table:

  Order	Date of Opening Dialogues	            Speaker	Length
1st	30 May 2003	Lee Kun Yew	41:32
2nd	30 May 2003	Lee Kun Yew	37:26
3rd	4 June 2004	Goh Chok Tong	40:35
4th	3 June 2005	Lee Hsien Loong	32:45
5th	2 June 2006	Lee Hsien Loong	37:12
6th	1 June 2007	Lee Hsien Loong	45:23
7th	30 May 2008	Lee Hsien Loong	28:50
8th	29 May 2009	Kevin Rudd	36:48
9th	4 June 2010	Lee Myung-Bak	43:15
10th	3 June 2011	John Chipman	30:22
11th	1 June 2012	Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono	26:18
12th	31 May 2013	Nguyen Tan Dung	25:00
13th	30 May 2014	John Chipman	50:17
14th	29 May 2015	Lee Hsien Loong	38:16

3.3. Research procedures

The research was conducted with the procedures as follows:

– Identifying the research topic to study by reviewing the previous studies thoroughly.

– Collecting documents related to the research in the library and other sources from the Internet.

– Collecting samples of speeches  used in Shangri-La dialogues from the Internet.

– Presenting, describing and analyzing the data in order to find out discourse feature of speeches.

– Suggesting some implications for language users and further research.

The study will be carried out following these steps:

Time	Work	Place
April-Sept, 2015	Working on proposal literature review	Đaklak
Sept-Nov, 2015	Data collection + initial analysis	Đaklak
Nov-Dec, 2015	Analysis	Đaklak
Jan, 2016	Update literature review	Đaklak
Feb-May, 2016	Writing up	Đaklak
June, 2016	Completing first draft	Đaklak
July, 2016	Updating first draft	Đaklak
July, 2016	Finishing writing MA thesis	Đaklak
Aug, 2016	Presenting MA thesis	Đaklak

3.4. Reliability and Validity

In terms of reliability, the source selected to be analyzed is derived from the Internet in English.

        Regarding validity, this study meets all required criteria. In order to answer the two formulated research questions, the observation and investigation techniques have been chosen to be the main instruments for data collection. The samples are taken from famous English political speeches by a large number of prominent representatives of each nation.

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