Energy Storage Systems for Advanced Power Applications

Abstract

The following assignment contains the topic of power transmission systems for offshore wind farms. The three main types of transmission discussed is Line Commutated Converters, Voltage Sourced Converters and High Voltage Alternating Current.

Contents Page

Cover Page………………………………………………………………………………………Page 1

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..Page 2

Contents Page………………………………………………………………………………….Page 3

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….Page 4

Part 1 (i) Line Commutated Converter Power Control…………………….. Page 5

Part 1 (i) Line Commutated Converter Power Control……………………..Page 6

Part 1 (i) Line Commutated Converter Power Control……………………..Page 7

Part 1 (ii) 12 Pulse Thyristor Converter…………………………………………….Page 8

Part 1 (ii) 12 Pulse Thyristor Converter…………………………………………….Page 9

Part 1 (ii) 12 Pulse Thyristor Converter…………………………………………….Page 10

Part 1 (iii) Filters………………………………………………………………………………Page 11

Part 1 (iii) Filters………………………………………………………………………………Page 12

Part 1 (iii) Filters………………………………………………………………………………Page 13

Part 2 Benefits of VSC over LCC……………………………………………………….Page 14

Part 2 Benefits of VSC over LCC……………………………………………………….Page 15

Part 2 Benefits of VSC over LCC……………………………………………………….Page 16

Part 3 LCC, VSC and HVAC……………………………………………………………….Page 17

Part 3 LCC, VSC and HVAC……………………………………………………………….Page 18

Part 3 LCC, VSC and HVAC……………………………………………………………….Page 19

Part 3 LCC, VSC and HVAC……………………………………………………………….Page 20

Part 3 LCC, VSC and HVAC……………………………………………………………….Page 21

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………Page 22

References………………………………………………………………………………………Page 23

Introduction

Electrical Energy Storage technology is proficient in coping with key characteristics of electricity. One trait is its ability to hourly vary in demand and price. Soon electrical energy storage will become essential in bringing relevant markets together to use more renewable energy, to accomplish low CO2 levels for Smart Grids

Electrical Energy Storage has three main objectives. These are: –

1. Electrical Energy Storage lowers electricity costs by harvesting electricity attained during off-peak times.
2. To improve reliability of power supplies. Electrical Energy Storage consumers during network failures. For example, during natural disasters.
3. To maintain and improve power quality, frequency and voltage.

In general, the definition of Smart Grid is to modernise the electricity grid. It involves all aspects related to the electrical system between any point, from generation to consumption. Now that Smart grid technology has been implemented the grid has become more flexible and interactive and gives immediate feedback. The Smart Grid will provide information concerning the price of electricity and the state the power system can be exchanged between electricity production and consumption to realise a more efficient and reliable power supply

Electrical Energy storage is significant in the development of Smart Grid.

Types of Energy Storage and Features

Electrical Energy Storage Classification

To classify electrical energy storage systems the sort of energy used must be considered. In figure one below the storage technologies are categorised into; mechanical, electromechanical, chemical, electrical and thermal energy storage systems. Secondary energy carriers such as, hydrogen and synthetic natural gas are operated to store electrical energy via electrolysis of water to create hydrogen and methane. Fuel cells oxidises hydrogen or methane to produce electricity. The combination of the electrolysis fuel cell procedure is an electrochemical energy storage system. However, both gases are multi-purpose energy carriers. For example, the electricity can be produced in a gas or steam turbine. Thus, they are categorised as chemical energy storage systems. Thermal energy storage systems are also considered. Most thermal energy systems are not the direct input to storage systems. However, using the help of thermal energy storage the energy from renewable energy sources can be strengthened, which allows electricity to be produced on demand. Hot molten salts in concentrated solar power plants and the storage of heat in compressed air plants using an adiabatic process to achieve efficiency is an example.

Mechanical Storage Systems

Pumped hydroelectric, compressed air energy storage and flywheel energy storage are the most popular mechanical storage systems used.

Pumped Hydro Storage

Pumped hydro storage technology uses to reservoirs at different altitudes. At off peak times water from the bottom reservoir is pumped to the top reservoir. This is can be referred to as charging. Once electrical energy is need water from the top reservoir flows back down to the bottom reservoir, which in turn powers turbines positioned between the top and bottom reservoir. The turbines are connected to generators to then produce electricity. This is known as discharging. Pumped hydro relies on environmental locations. For high and low reservoirs dams, flooded mine shafts, other underground cavities and the open sea are suitable locations to construct a pumped hydro energy system plant. Currently in the UK there is one pumped hydro station located in Dinorwg in North Wales. This is the power station depicted in figure two below.

Discharge time periods can last up to several hours to a few days. This depends on the size of the plant. They are seventy to eighty-five per cent efficient.

Some advantages of pumped hydro technology is the long lifetime and practicability unlimited cycle stability of the installation. Disadvantages are its dependency on topographical conditions and large land area used.

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Compressed air technology is used as a storage means due to its obtainability. Air is compressed and kept in underground structures or above ground systems of vessels or pipes. Natural gas is then mixed with the compressed air and burned, which is expanded in specialised gas turbines. Usual underground storage system locations are caverns, aquifers or abandoned mines. This process is illustrated in figure three below. Heat cannot be released during compression dissipation as it will cool while in storage. The air needs to be reheated before expansion in the turbine. This is called Diabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage. This method gives low round trip efficiencies of less than fifty per cent. This system is well established with plants having high reliability and are proficient at starting without extraneous power.

The main advantages of compressed air energy storage are its large capacity. The disadvantages the technology develops is low round trip efficiency and location restriction.

Flywheel Energy Storage

Flywheel energy storage generates energy using a rotating cylinder and stores its energy in an accelerated rotor. The flywheel is made up of a rotating body/cylinder within a compartment. There are also bearing and a transmission device. The electrical energy is generated by the flywheel by keeping the rotation of the body at a constant speed. The higher the speed the more energy stored. To function the flywheel is electrically supplied by a transmission device. If the speed reduces then electricity my by gathered from the system by the transmission device.  The rotor of the flywheel is made out of high strength carbon filaments. These are suspended by magnetic bearings. The rotor can reach speeds of twenty thousand to over fifty thousand revs per minute in a vacuum enclosure.

The advantages of using flywheels enables a long-life span, little maintenance, high power density uses environmentally inert material and has excellent cycle stability. The disadvantages to flywheels have high levels of discharge to the resistance in the air and bearing losses. They also suffer from low current efficiency.

Electrochemical Storage Systems

This area of storage systems explains the different types of batteries. The batteries listed below are technologically mature for practical use.

Lead Acid Battery