HAWT Technology Research

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT), are the most commonly used wind turbine.HAWTs have a similar design to a windmill, with blades that look like a propeller, spinning around a horizontal axis.

wind

Figure 1 Typical HAWT

All the components (blades, shaft, gearbox, generator) are located at the top of the tower. The blades must face into the wind and yaw into position every time the wind direction changes. The shaft axis is horizontal to the ground. The wind hits the blades of the turbine where lift causes rotation. The shaft has a gear on the end coupled to a gearbox which turns a generator. The generator produces electricity and sends this either to power grid or electrical equipment requiring power. The wind turbine also has some key elements that adds to its efficiency. Inside the Nacelle (or head) is an anemometer, wind vane, and controller that read the speed and direction of the wind. As the wind changes direction, a motor (yaw motor) turns the nacelle so the blades are always facing the wind. The power source also comes with a safety feature. In case of extreme winds the turbine has a break that can slow the shaft speed. This is to inhibit any damage to the turbine in extreme conditions. See Figure 2.

Figure 2 Internal components of a typical HAWT

The merits of horizontal axis wind turbine over vertical axis wind turbine can be seen in

Table1 Benefits of HAWTs vs VAWT

HAWT VS VAWT
NO	POWER GENERATION EFFICIENCY	HORIZONTAL AXIS	VERTICAL AXIS
1	POWER GENERATION EFFICIENCY	50% – 60%	ABOVE 70%
2	ROTATING SPEED	HIGH	LOW
3	EFFECT ON BIRDS	GREAT	SMALL
4	GEAR BOX	ABOVE 10KW: YES	NO
5	BLADE ROTATION SPACE	QUITE LARGE	QUITE SMALL
6	NOISE	5-60 Db	0-10 Db
7	STARTING WIND SPEED	HIGH(2.5-5m/s)	LOW (1.5-3 m/s)

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade

The blade is one of the most important components of a wind turbine. It is required to have the best materials, manufacturing, analysis and testing to endure aerodynamic loads, gravitational loads, inertia loads and operational loads throughout its lifetime. Therefore, the structural design process has a decisive and critical influence on the overall performance of the blade. The structural design of a HAWT blade involves many considerations such as strength, stability, cyclic loading, cost and vibration. Reducing the mass is a key requirement for a successful blade design. A lighter blade will not only exert lower loads on the remaining components of the HAWT, but also reduce the cost. This is a benefit to the entire turbine system, including the support body and the foundation. However, the recent approach results in material layup with high component thicknesses. Blade mass as a result often does not exhibit a satisfactory structural response. There is huge potential to reduce the amount of material used in the blades manufacture to minimise its mass. The process of structural blade optimisation to reduce mass and increase its mechanical properties is an important area of development worthy of in-depth research. Table 1 details various HAWTs and their rotor weights.

Table 2 Selection of turbine size and weight configurations

Turbine Name	Pitch or Stall	Rotar dia (m)	No of Blades	Nacelle and Rotor Weight (kg)	Weight per Swept Area (kg/m²)
Mitsubishi MWT-1000 (1 MW)	P	57	3	unspecified
Nordex N90 (2.3 MW)	P	90	3	84,500	13.3
Nordex N80 (2.5 MW)	P	80	3	80,500	16
Repower 5M (5 MW Siemens	P	126	3	unspecified
SWT-3.6-107 (3.6 MW) Siemens	P	107	3	220,000	24.5
SWT-2.3-93 (2.3 MW	P	93	3	142,000	20.9
Gamesa G90-2MW (2 MW	P	90	3	106,000	16.7
Gamesa G58-850 (850 kW)	P	58	3	35,000	13.3
Enercon E82 (2 MW)	P	82	3	unspecified
GE wind 3.6sl (3.6 MW)	P	111	3	unspecified
Vestas V164 (7.0 MW)	P	164	3	unspecified
Vestas V90 (2 MW)	P	90	3	106,000	16.7
Vestas V82 (1.65 MW)	P	82	3	95,000	18

HAWT Technology Research

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