Industrial Separation of a Mixture: Fractional Distillation
What sphere is the mixture found in?
Crude oil also known as petroleum is an unrefined oil extracted manly to produce petrol, paraffin and diesel oil. The oil is comprised of hydrocarbons, a number of organic compounds and small pieces of metal. The formation of this liquid dates back to millions of years ago from ancient marine life. This substance is located in the lithosphere inside rocks well stuck into the ground. To combat this, mining companies use the normal extraction of drilling to crack open the rocks and withdrawal the oil. Petroleum has had a significant contribution towards the world as it powers all transport vehicles, chemicals, plastics, heat and electricity.
Identify physical property used during separation
One of the physical properties used when petroleum is being fractionally distilled remains heating to its boiling point. This method is used in order to extract oil from the rest of mixture and make into a pure substance. This is very important due to that fact that the substance must be pure in order to sell or work as petrol or diesel. If these requirements are not met the oil will not work properly and quality will suffer.
Description of Process
Since petroleum is a mixture there is a numerous ways to separate it such as physical or mechanically but the most common method used throughout the world is the process of fractional distillation. This method is mainly used in most companies because different substances in the mixture have different boiling points and allows it to condense, re-evaporate then condense that permits the separation of the oil from the mixture to become easier. Here is how the oil is separated using fractional distillation:
- The petroleum mixture is containing different boiling points is heated to a high temperature as it has more than two substances present in it. Then heat is normally about 400-600 degrees Celsius. This makes the mixture boil and become a vapour
- Following this, the vapour travels down towards the bottom of the fractional distillation column that is filled with a number of trays or plates.
- Next, the vapour rises where the column contains various different height sections where its boiling point is similar to the sections that are heated up from hottest (350 degrees) to lowest (30 degrees) starting from the bottom in order to produce different products. Products include jet fuel, gasoline, diesel oil, residue, refinery gas and bottled gas.
- After that, the trays collect the numerous liquid fractions from each section.
- Finally, the trays pass through condensers which cool them down and then procced into storage tanks or a used in extended chemical processing.
Products of the Separation and their uses
The fractional distillation of petroleum has produced several products that have a significant impact towards the modern world. These products include gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heavy fuel oil, residue containing bitumen and many more. Gasoline is one of the most important substance’s used in in cars as it contains flammable liquid hydrocarbons that react with internal combustion engines to cause a spark that causes a mini explosion. Moreover, the fuel burns immediately and powers’ the vehicles crankshaft. Residue containing Bitumen is also important substance as it plays a significant role in the construction of roads. The product is mainly used in roads as the glue or binder mixed with combined particles to create asphalt concrete. Furthermore, the oil’s main other uses include waterproofing products, including sealing flat roofs and the production of roof felts. The following table expands this more.
|
Products of crude oil |
% of Crude oil present |
Uses |
|
Refinery Gas (<20 degrees) |
1-2 |
|
|
Gasoline ( 25-60 degrees) |
15-30 |
|
|
Naphtha ( 60-180 degrees) |
15-30 |
|
|
Kerosene ( 180-220 degrees) |
10-15 |
|
|
Diesel ( 220-250 degrees) |
15-20 |
|
|
Heavy fuel oil (250-300 degrees) |
40-50 |
|
|
Lubricating Oil ( 300-350 degrees) |
40-50 |
|
|
Residue containing bitumen (>350 degrees) |
40-50 |
|
Waste Management Issues:
There are two issues present in cleaning up petroleum.
Toxicity
The toxicity of the substance is very dangerous to almost all living things. The cleaning up of crude oil tends to be great issue cause of the toxicity and so the cleaners must be very careful to not be exposed or contaminate other living things. They also have to be fast with the clean up because it can dig and leech onto underground water system that links to human residential areas and pose a serious threat onto local communities.
Thickness
The cleaning up of crude oil also tends to be a great issue because it’s thick and heavy and so it takes the cleaners many days to clean it insuring that it’s hasn’t contaminated anything else. This is because of the temperature the oil was heated during the process in order to work properly. Therefore, to a high extent the issue of toxicity and the oil’s thickness is a major issue during its clean up.
The Impact of the separation process on Chemistry
The fractional distillation of crude oil has progressively changed over the past century. This is mainly due to the advancement of technology and knowledge through the oil refining industry. Most of the oil companies used vacuum distillation to refine crude oil whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture is distilled and reduced to less than its vapour pressure causing evaporation of the oil with the lowest boiling points. However, as the mixture contained different substances that all have different boiling points this made the oil much harder to refine. Moreover, this method was then replaced by fractional distillation as it made it much easier to refine due it being able to separate a mixture with different boiling points better. Fractional distillation has had a high impact towards other fields in chemistry where its used in petrochemical, chemical plants, natural gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants. This process has allowed scientists to produce products in modern society and help understand more about the natural world.
Evaluate one of your sources
One of my sources was published by the BBC but does not present an author in the article
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqapre2011/rocks/fuelsrev3.shtml). This company is British commercial company known it’s for news, documentaries and education articles. The company was formed back in 1922 by British and American electrician companies and is known to be one of the most famous companies in the world. Articles presented on their website nearly always right and used by some schools for education purposes. To make this article more academic BBC should have identified the author to inform the validity of the source.
Bibliography Reference
- Bbc.co.uk. (2011). BBC – GCSE Bitesize: Fractional distillation. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/rocks/fuelsrev3.shtml [Accessed 27 Mar. 2017].
- Freudenrich, C. (2001). How Oil Refining Works. [online] HowStuffWorks. Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining4.htm [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017].
- OilPrice.com. (2009). What is Crude Oil? A Detailed Explanation on this Essential Fossil Fuel | OilPrice.com. [online] Available at: http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/What-Is-Crude-Oil-A-Detailed-Explanation-On-This-Essential-Fossil-Fuel.html [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017].
- Pollutionissues.com.(Petroleum – water, effects, environmental, disasters, pollutants, United States, history, causes, impact, EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, wells, toxic, world, human, power. [online] Available at: http://www.pollutionissues.com/Na-Ph/Petroleum.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2017].