Inroduction To Companies Etisalat Lanka Business Essay
As a consultant of leading management consultancy I am going to do a brief research on the organizations and behavior section. To do this assignment I have selected two companies in the telecommunication industry. One is Etisalat Lanka PVT LTD which is based in Abu Dhabi and operating in 18 countries including Sri Lanka and second company is Lanka Bell Services PVT LTD which is operated only in Sri Lanka. So in this assignment I am going to discuss briefly in their organizations structure and culture areas, and also I am going to discuss about the current leadership styles of the companies.
INRODUCTION TO COMPANIES
Etisalat Lanka (PVT)(LTD)
Sri Lanka’s first Cellular networks, then called Celltel inaugurated its operations in 1989. A brand name change was done on the 25th of January 2007 and thereafter named “Tigo” and this was transformed with Milicom disposing its Asian operations. They are now a company fully owned and operated by the giant Emirates Telecommunication Corporation in UAE. It has extended operations to Asian markets such as India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Indonesia and now Sri Lanka, recording over 100 million subscribers across 18 countries offering opportunities for synergy with their other operations in the region. Etisalat officially commenced its operations in Sri Lanka on the 25th of February 2010.
Lanka bell limited
Lanka Bell is a telecommunication operator that provides full range of telecommunication service to business and residential customers in Sri Lanka. With the recent introduction revolutionary low cost CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology, Lanka Bell continues to expand its robust modern digital network that currently specializes in internet, data and voice services. Lanka Bell was formed in 1997 as the single largest BOI Company in Sri Lanka. It was subsequently acquired by the privately held diversified conglomerate Milford Holdings (Private) Limited in 2005. Lanka Bell remains firmly rooted in Sri Lanka as a telecommunications giant that continues to challenge the industry through its unparalleled portfolio of services.
SECTION 01
The organizations structure and culture Lanka Bell and Etisalat
Etisalat and Lanka bell both are running in the telecommunication industry so most of the factors in the culture and structure are same. They both are using functional organizational structure
1.1 Organization structure of Lanka Bell Services (PVT) (LTD)
Finance Director
Sales&Markt.
Board of Directors
Chairman
Managing Director
Customer Service Depart.
Technical Mang.
HR & Admin
GM Technical Operation
Assistant manager
Senior manager
General Manager -HR
Marketing manager
Business Analysis
Manager – HR
Manager- Revenue Assurance
DGM control /MIS
Area Sales Managers
Sales Executives
HR Assistants
Billing staff Director
Internal accountant Director
Manager- credit control Director
Senior service executives Director
Trainer
GM IT teams
Associates clerical
Supervisors Director
Customer care Executives Director
Internal accountant Director
Billing staff Director
Organization structure of Etisalat Lanka (PVT) (LTD)
1.3 Organization’s culture at Lanka bell and Etisalat
There are many definitions for organizational culture but a popular and simple way of defining culture is ‘how things are done around here’ A more detailed definition is :
The collection of traditions, values, policies, beliefs, and attitudes that constitute a pervasive context for everything we do and think in an organization (Atkinson)
There are four g types of culture such as: Power culture, Role culture, Task culture and person culture. As both companies are in the telecommunication industry and also both companies are larger companies in Sri Lanka they are following the Role culture.
What is Role Culture?
Role culture stereotyped as a bureaucracy and works by logic and rationality. Role culture rests on the strength of strong organizational ‘pillars’ – the functions of specialists in, for e.g.; finance, purchasing and production. The work of, and interaction between the pillars is controlled by procedures and rules and coordinated by the pediment of senior managers. Role or job description is more important than the individual and position is the main source of power.
(Laurie J. Mullins 8th edition)
So role culture is Common in most organizations today. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular role. The role culture has the benefit of specialization. Employees focus on their particular role as assigned to them by their job description and this should increase productivity for the company. This culture is quite logical to organize in a large organization.
Different dimensions of organizations culture in Etisalat and Lanka Bell
Profit Orientation
In Etisalat and Lanka Bell profit orientation is law because their main target is to give a best service to their customers, they are concerning highly on customer satisfaction and delight
People Orientation
People orientation is high in Etisalat because they are paying high salary to their staffs and they are also paying special incentives according to their performance, their working environment is very pleasant, they are organizing get to gather parties and motivational programs for their employees but in Lanka Bell People orientation is Law.
Team Orientation
Team Orientation is high in Etisalat because its employees prefer to work in groups rather in individuals to achieve their sales targets. So team orientation will lead the company to increase their sales. But in Lanka Bell team orientation is Low where their employees are prefer to work as individuals
Innovation
Innovation is high in Etisalat they are coming with new products quickly, they starts with prepaid connection, after that came with postpaid, launched 3G, broadband and they are going to launch Etisalat TV. But in Lanka Bell it is very low they are rely only in CDMA connection
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Mission statement of Etisalat Lanka PVT LTD
To extend people’s reach. At Etisalat, we are actively developing advanced networks that will enable people to develop, to learn and to grow
Vision statement of Etisalat Lanka PVT LTD
A world where people reach is not limited by matter or distance. People will effortlessly move around the world, staying in touch with family, making new friends as they go, as well as developing new interests. Businesses of all sizes, no longer limited by distance, will be able to reach new markets. Innovative technologies will open up fresh opportunities across the globe, allowing the supply of new goods and services to everyone who wants them.
Vision statement of Lanka Bell
“Be Sri Lanka’s premier next generation communication & Information Technology solutions provider
Mission statement of Lanka Bell
“To provide innovative next generation technological solutions by identifying and meeting customer needs better than any other industry player, while maximizing the growth of our business for the benefit if our stakeholders”
Impacts and relationships of two companies through their structure and culture
Performance for two companies through their structure and culture
How organizational theories underpins the practice of management
The different approaches used by the management of both companies
There many approaches used by the both companies those are :
Human relations approach
Systems approach
Contingency approach
Human Relations approach
The main emphasis of the classical writers was on structure and the formal organization, but during the 1920,s the years of the great depression, greater attention began to be paid to the social factors at work and to the behavior of employees within an organization – that is, to human relations.
Human relations approach Emphasized importance of human attitudes, values and relationships for the efficient and effective functioning of work organizations.
Systems approach
The classical approach emphasized the technical requirement of the organizations and its needs-‘organizations without people’ the human relations approaches emphasized the psychological and social aspects, and the consideration of human- needs- ‘people without organizations’
Attention is focus on the total work organization and the inter relationships of structure and behavior.
Productivity is viewed as a function of the interplay among people, structure, and the environment.
The organization is a complex social and technical open system that requires human, financial, and material resources.
Contributions of Systems Approach To Management:-
Under systems approach, managers have a good view of the organization.It gives importance to interdependence of the different parts of an organization and its environment.
It foretastes consequences and plans actions.
A system thinking warns managers against adopting piecemeal approach to the problem-solving
Contingency Approach
The contingency approach to organization developed as a reaction to the idea that there are ‘universal principles’ for designing organizations, motivating staff etc. newer research suggested that different forms of organizational structure could be equally successful.
(Class Notes)
The contingency approach, which can be seen as an extension of the systems approach, highlights possible means of differentiating among alternative forms of the organization structures and systems of management.
(Laurie J. Mullins 8th edition)
The organization’s structure must be matched to its environment to enhance performance.
The optimal form of an organization is contingent on the circumstances faced by that organization including patients, third-party payers, regulators, and personnel.
Section 02
Different leadership styles that Etisalat and Lanka Bell are following:
Definition
Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out, the way in which typically behaves towards members of the group.
Both companies are using the Democratic style, and Laissez- faire (Genuine) style because of marketing growth and due to the size of the company, for which the autocratic style is not suitable to follow in the telecommunication industry.
Democratic style is where the focus is more with the group as a whole, and there is greater interaction within the group. The leader ship functions are shared with the members of the group and the manager is more part of a team.
Laissez- faire (Genuine) style is where the manager observes that members of the group are working well on their own. The manager consciously makes a decision to pass the focus of power to members, to allow them freedom of action ‘to do as they think best,’ and not to interfere but is readily available if help is needed. There is often confusion over the style of leadership behavior.
Analysis of different leadership styles and their effectiveness
The democratic leader works with the group to help members to come to their own decisions, the Laissez- faire leader leaves the group alone to do whatever it wants. Both styles are good for both the companies, because there are number of teams, and departments, in both companies.
Therefore the democratic style will suite certain departments and teams, when there is a situation where the team members are unable to make a good decision, compared to the Laissez- faire style which will be applicable to departments and teams who are able to make effective decisions rather than relying on the manager’s decisions.
Effectiveness of Democratic Style
Risk is low. Managers have experience in making effective decisions; therefore this reduces the risk of making bad or wrong choices.
If the ideas are going to be open for everyone, then everyone needs to feel comfortable enough to put their ideas on the table. So there are lots of ideas will generated
It takes advantage of the knowledge and expertise of individuals in different areas, for high quality, flexible decision making.
Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities.
Staff likes the trust they receive and respond with cooperation, team spirit, and high morale increasing.
Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance.
Allows staff to establish goals
Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted
Effectiveness of Laissez- faire (Genuine) style
The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible so it motivates employees.
In the telecommunication sector there are lots of sales team so, those teams can do their own works to achieve their own goals, this will increase the sales
All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own.
Employees are involved in decisions. This encourages motivation through greater interest and involvement so new ideas are generated.
The free reign approach can prove an effective type of leadership when the team has achieved identity and cohesion, resulting in motivated and resourceful team members. In such situations, the sharing of authority and minimal direction empowers team members.
Impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation of employees of Etislat and Lanka Bell when they face the technological breakthrough
When there is a technological breakthrough that has taken place last week affecting the companies, and the industry as whole, a democratic style leader could consider the following actions to motivate the employees:
Introducing the main goal of the given project
Encourage team members to communicate openly, honestly and continuously
Members should be made aware of the company’s economical structure and growth to help them think and produce ideas that are more applicable to the company.
Arranging a brainstorming session to collect new ideas to compete with the breakthrough.
The ideas collected through the brainstorming session have to go through the new product development process in order to face the new technological breakthrough.
Increasing the working hours, and pay the employees more for working overtime.
Should produce special incentives according to their performance
SECTION 03
3.1 DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES FOR LANKA BELL
Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory
A useful starting point is the work of Maslow and his theory of individual development and motivation published originally in 1943. Maslow’s basic preposition is that people wanting beings. They always want more, and what they want depends on what they already have. He suggests that human needs are arranged in a series of levels, a hierarchy of importance. (Mullins, pg 257, 8th Ed. 2007).
In this motivation theory Maslow has identified the human needs in five main levels. From at the lowest level physiological needs, through safety needs, love needs and esteem needs, to the need for self-actualization.
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Image 01. Maslow’s hierarchy of need model
Herzberg’s two-factor theory
The Two-factor theory (also known as Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory and Dual-Factor Theory) states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction.
Herzberg’s original study consisted of interviews with 203 accounts and engineers, chosen because of their growing importance in the business world from different industries in the Pittsburgh area of America. He used the critical incident method. Subjects were asked to relate times when they felt exceptionally good or exceptionally bad about their present job or any previous jobs, they were asked to give reasons and a description of the sequence of events giving rise to that feeling. Responses to the interviews were generally consistent and revealed that there were two different sets of factors affecting motivation and work. This led to the two-factor theory of motivation and job satisfaction. (Mullins, pg 261, 8th Ed. 2007).
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Vroom’s expectancy theory
The model of motivation of Vroom’s expectancy theory, particularly as it was extended by Porter and Lawler and supplemented by several other theories. Expectancy theory is a broad theory of motivation that attempts to explain the determinants of workplace attitudes and behaviors. The three major concepts underline expectancy theory are those of Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy, which form VIE theory.
Valance:
Valance is a measure of the attraction a given outcome holds for an individual, or the satisfaction the person anticipates receiving from a particular outcome.
Instrumentality:
Instrumentality is a person’s belief about the relationship between performing an action and experiencing an outcome. Determining people’s instrumentalities is important because their desire to perform a particular action is likely to be strong only when both valance and instrumentality are perceived as acceptably high.
Expectancy:
Expectancies are beliefs regarding the link between making an effort and actually performing well whereas knowledge about valances and instrumentalities tells us what an individual wants to do. We cannot know what the individual will try to do without knowing the person’s expectancies.
Conclusion
Expectancy theory thus defines motivation in terms of desire and effort whereby the achievement of desired outcomes results from the interaction of valances, instrumentalities, and expectancies. Desire comes about only when both valance and instrumentality are high, and effort comes about only when all three are high. 4. “Theory X and Theory Y” of Douglas McGregor:
McGregor, in his book “The Human side of Enterprise” states that people inside the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is basically negative, which falls under the category X and the other is basically positive, which falls under the category Y. After viewing the way in which the manager dealt with employees, McGregor concluded that a manager’s view of the nature of human beings is based
Under the assumptions of theory X:
Employees inherently do not like work and whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it.
Because employees dislike work, they have to be forced, coerced or threatened with punishment to achieve goals.
Employees avoid responsibilities and do not work fill formal directions are issued.
Most workers place a greater importance on security over all other factors and display little ambition.
In contrast under the assumptions of theory Y:
Physical and mental effort at work is as natural as rest or play.
People do exercise self-control and self-direction and if they are committed to those goals.
Average human beings are willing to take responsibility and exercise imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving the problems of the organization.
That the way the things are organized, the average human being’s brainpower is only partly used.
On analysis of the assumptions it can be detected that theory X assumes that lower-order needs dominate individuals and theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals.
An organization that is run on Theory X lines tends to be authoritarian in nature, the word “authoritarian” suggests such ideas as the “power to enforce obedience” and the “right to command.” In contrast Theory Y organizations can be described as “participative”, where the aims of the organization and of the individuals in it are integrated; individuals can achieve their own goals best by directing their efforts towards the success of the organization. However, this theory has been criticized widely for generalization of work and human behavior.
SUITABLE MOTIVATIONAL THEORY FOR MANGERS AT LANKA BELL
From the theories mentioned above it is understandable that managers need to pick one or two theories that are more applicable for their own company to work more effectively and generate higher numbers of positive outcomes Therefore based on this assignment manager of Lanka bell needs to pick out a suitable motivational theory in order to run the company with great success. Understanding the needs of Lanka bell it would be advisable that the manager should initially pick Herzberg’s two-factor theory due to the following reasons.
Why Herzberg’s two-factor theory is important? And effectiveness of using Herzberg’s two-factor theory
Herzberg (1968) saw two basic needs of individuals, and he suggests two factors.
The need to avoid unpleasantness, satisfied (temporarily, and in a rather negative way) by ‘environmental factors’
The need for personal growth, satisfied at work only by ‘motivating factors’
Environmental Factor or Hygiene factor
In this factor Herzberg has explained about the working environment which is company policy and administration, Salary and job security, in this factor he mentioned the main needs of the employers.
Motivator factor
Motivator factors, on the other hand, create job satisfaction and can motivate an individual to superior performance and effort. These factors fulfill the individual’s higher need for a sense of self-actualization or personal growth, and include:
Status
Advancement
Gaining recognition
Being given responsibility
Challenging work
Achievement
Growth in the job
Effectiveness of using Herzberg’s two-factor theory
Herzberg encouraged managers to study the job itself (nature of tasks, levels of responsibility) rather than conditions of work.’ Dissatisfaction arise from environment factors-satisfaction can only arise from the job’. If there is sufficient challenge, scope and interest in the job, there will be a lasting increase in satisfaction and the employee will work well; productivity will be above’ normal’ levels. the extent to which the job must be challenging or creative in order to provide motivation will depend on each individual, his ability, his expectation and tolerance for delayed success.