Organisations and People Management Report: PROCTER & GAMBLE (P&G)
1. Introduction:
Procter and Gamble is an organization which produces diverse products, and its ambition is to reach the consumer’s demand. P&G began in the 1911; with the theme of innovation by producing every time a different product. For every product they go through three stages. The first stage was to make innovative needed products; the second was to proceed with the successful products with suitable quantities; and the third is to have more investments of capital to enlarge the company. These three stages preserve the success of P&G.
P&G is a multinational corporation with 156 branches in more than 70 countries. There are three main development centers, the first center is in Germany in which paper products like ‘Always’ and ‘Pampers’ are developed. The second is in Brussels, used to develop detergents. The last center is situated in the United Kingdom where soap and shampoos are developed.
P&G’s environmental science department plays a unique role to ensure that their products are safe to use for the consumer as well as for the environment. Environmental safety is an internal part of the quality that P&G builds into its every product. The Company is committed to produce best quality of products to refine the consumers of whole world.
The company’s actual performance could be deduced by looking at its 2009 Annual Report. Its worldwide net earnings for the year 2009 were 13,436 million dollar, which is 13.61% increase over the prior year. It has total assets of $134,833 million and liabilities of $71,451 million. P&G has been paying a dividend for 120 consecutive years since its incorporation in 1890 and has increased its dividend for 54 consecutive years at an annual compound average rate of approximately 9.35%.This is an evidence of how much consumers demand P&G’s product and how this initiates the company to develop 300 brands to satisfy five billion consumers all over the world.
Alan G. Lafley became chairman of P&G in 2000, he made it clear that he wanted innovation “across the spectrum”-in how the company invents, markets, manufactures, and distributes its products.
2. Methods
2.1 Data collection methods
We get the data from the documentary analysis of the P&G which come from the website of the P&G. The data is easy accessed in the internet. P&G’s annual plans are useful in the research. At the same time, we keep contact to P&G via emails. They give us information on the plan of the company’s development.
2.2 Issues and challenges
Biases – different comments of P&G in massive aspects, often find data from some organization within the P&G. that circumstances may cause biases, which influence comments to become less objective and even flattery. It is significant to distinguish the information because possibly comments on one aspect could go opposite and cause dilemma.
Detailed resource constraints – it is not difficult to find general information about P&G. However, it was not easy to search details and depth objections. Although, connecting P&G for details may work, yet it cannot be certain that the opinions gained from P&G are 100% objective and real.
Collecting from dispersive information – a majority of resources is dispersive. It means much time consuming and less efficiency. Also some information may mislead ideas to somewhere wrong.
2.3 Analysis
Through the analysis of company’s annual report, we know the performance of P&G. according to the structure and culture of P&G, we can forecast the development foreground. We evaluate the approaches to management and leadership. We use the view of a manager, trying to give out a better way. We are based on management principles and analysis the existing business model. P&G has a unique pattern in the business management which was widely praised by consumers.
3. Business strategy, mission and goals
3.1 Introduction
P&G products touch the lives of people around the world billion times a day. This happens because P&G provides products of best quality to improve the lives of all consumers around the world. This results in sales, profit and value creation, between the company and the consumers in which they operate to prosper. Its business is divided into three global units: beauty, health and well being, and household care. It also makes pet food and water filters and produces soap operas. Some products of P&G’s brands are billion-dollar sellers, including Gillette Fusion, Always, Braun, Bounty, Charmin, Crest, Downy/Lenor, Folgers (which it reportedly plans to spin off), Gillette mach 3, Iams, Olay total, Pampers, Pantene pro v, Pringles, Tide lemon & jasmine, and Wella, among others. The above products were mentioned by Robert N. Lussier(2009) in annual report 2009.
The P&G consists of over 138,000 employees working in over 80 countries. It began as a small, family-operated soap and Candle Company which now not only provides products but also concentrate on services of best quality and value to consumers in more than 180 countries. In P&G, they are focusing their efforts on where they can make the most meaningful difference in both environmental and social Sustainability. According to Andrea Redmond’s (2010) research, their dedication begins with P&G’s Purpose, values and principles, in which Sustainability is embedded, and manifests itself in a systemic and long-term way. They try to make their company better.
3.2 Mission and goals
In 2007, P&G implemented five strategies to Sustain goals for the future. In March of 2009, P&G made a progress to emphasize their commitment to achieve more significant goals. The five strategies are as follows:
Strategy1
Products: Delight the consumer with sustainable innovations which improve the environmental profile of the products.
They have developed the market which was at least $50 billion in cumulative sales of “sustainable innovation products,” and products that have an improved environmental profile.
Strategy 2
Operations: Improve the environmental profile of P&G’s own operations.
An additional 20% reduction (per unit production) in CO2 emissions, energy consumption, water consumption and disposed waste from P&G plants, leading to a total reduction over the decade of at least 50%.
PROGRESS
(percent reduction per unit production)
Since
July 2007
Since
July 2002
Energy Usage
11%
48%
CO2 Emissions
10%
52%
Waste Disposal
30%
53%
Water Usage
13%
52%
Strategy 3
Social responsibility: Improve children’s lives through P&G’s social responsibility programs. Enable 300 million children to Live, Learn and Thrive. They prevented 160 million days of disease and also saved 20,000 lives by delivering 4 billion liters of pure water for the Children’s Safe Drinking Water program.
Strategy 4
Employees: Engage and equip all P&G employees to build Sustainability thinking and practices into their everyday work.
Strategy 5
Shareholders: Plan the future by working transparently with their shareholders so that they can work with freedom to innovate in a responsible way.
Beside the five strategies, they have several goals on the market.
1. Designed to Matter
In P&G, they focus the Sustainability efforts on improvements that matter, to make the most meaningful impact they can.
2. Purposes, values & principles
P&G’s Purpose, Values & Principles formulated their shared vision, a common sets of behavior and their beliefs about the business and its potential.
3.3 Marketing strategy
Many people think that multi-brand strategy will result in a situation that internal competition happens, but P & G believes that the best strategy is to compete with their own product. Gary Armstrong (2009) said this is because the market economy is a competitive economy, while its opponents to develop new products to share the market. As their challenge themselves and overcome their own, so that their products brands may occupy a different market, in order to consolidate its leadership position.
1. Differentiated brands
If P & G’s multi-brand strategy to be understood as simply more brands, it would be wrong. Actually the pursuit of similar products, the differences between different brands, including features, packaging, promotion, etc., to form each brand distinctive, such as Procter & Gamble brand strategy so that each brand has its own development, the market will not overlap, and it will not lead to market its brand in the consumer confusion. The words above are supported by Piero Morosini (2005)
2. Manufacture of USP
According to the report, USP means unique selling proposition. It is proposed by the American advertising guru Rosser Reeves (said Brent Green 2006). Marketing theory: the core of its content: Advertising should be according to the characteristics unique to the consumer for rhetoric, and allow consumers to believe that this feature is not available to others or others not mentioned. These features can bring tangible benefits to consumers.
3. Unique way: numbers brands in one organization
As Michel Philippart (2005) and Hangzhou da Xue’s (1994) study, multi-brand strategy is very difficult to succeed. While a single image of the brand extension strategy to facilitate the unity of management, reduce marketing costs, easy-to-be customers to accept, but it is not guaranteed, because of a branding, the easy formation among consumers fixed image, resulting in the customer’s mind-set is not conducive to the extension product.
4. Overall structure:
The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) is divided into three main worldwide units, which are household care, beauty and grooming and health and well-being (Marketing magazine: 2009). Every units’ report is sent to Susan E. Arnold, who has been promoted from vice chair of P&G’s beauty and health department to the position of president of global business units. The beauty care section is also managed by Susan Arnold. P&G has restructured its hierarchy of top executives, who include Arnold, in order to meet the changing needs of their larger, more flexible and faster-paced global business. Lafley, who is the chairman of P&G, announced that ‘P&G has nearly doubled its business since 2000 with the acquisitions of the Clairol, Wella hair care businesses and Gillette. The change in structure is designed to meet the needs of a larger business that is also developing new initiatives faster than in the past’ (Balendu: 2007).
Initially, P&G managed its international operations through an international division of foreign expansion, in the same manner many other multinational enterprises. A variety of products were identified to match national differences and preferences. Consequently, a portfolio, consisting of subsidiaries, run by country general managers was established. However, this management structure may result in two basic problems. Firstly, the cost of operating these subsidiaries is high, and secondly ‘the ferocious autonomy of national subsidiaries prevented the global roll out of new products and technology improvements’ (Lin, 2008: 9). Therefore, P&G needed innovation in the subsidiaries management structure. It concluded that the matrix structure, in which subordinates report to more than one superior (MacKenzie, 2002:22), is a better alternative for P&G, as it allows authority to be kept at lower levels. However, most firms would have some difficulty implementing this Matrix structure into their organization because it is difficult to organize multinational activities through this complex structure. For example, dual reporting can lead to disagreements and confusion and a possible overlap of responsibilities. This may result in a loss of accountability and wastes time. Through time P&G has been trying to optimize its structure. The current structure resulted in a culture within P&G, which was viewed as slow, conformist and risk-averse (Lin, 2008:11). This led to a decrease in productivity and an increase in inefficiency in the organization. Moreover, these factors would slow down the decision making process and reduce the competitiveness of the company. Although, the management structure of P&G seems imperfect at the moment. However, the Procter & Gamble Company is still a giant in the area of consumer goods and the leading maker of household products in the United States. P&G operates its business in over 80 countries around the world and has approximately 300 brands in more than 160 countries. The matrix structure helps P&G develop its global business structure into more specific areas. As a result, the company has become more flexible to change within market competitions and the different expectation of P&G.
The final stage of completing the innovation process of management structure is to transform the formal structure and responsibilities of the company. For example, the global business units of P&G were established in order to manage product development, manufacturing and marketing of their respective categories all around world. Furthermore, global business service units were established to organize with the transactional activities such as Accounting, HR, IT, etc. ‘Eliminating bureaucracy and increasing accountability is another main objective of structure change’ (Bartlett, 2004: Chp 4).
The Procter & Gamble Company’s corporate structure has been mainly dependent on worldwide subsidiaries and merging. During this time of restructuring, P&G has continued its active acquisitions pace. For instance, P&G entered the European tissue and towel market through the purchase of Vereinigte Papierwerke Schickedanz AG’s European tissue unit and added the luxury fragrance business of Giorgio Beverly Hills, Inc. In the same year, P&G returned to the South African market following the lifting of U.S. sanctions. P&G has altered its geographic management structure gradually. As a result, P&G has divided its operations into United States and other countries, which mainly includes four regions North America, Latin America, Asia and Europe/Middle East/Africa.
P&G announced a new restructuring initiative in September 1998. A key factor of this restructuring was a shift from an organization centered around the four geographic regions to one centered on seven global business parts based on product lines: Baby Care, Beauty Care, Fabric & Home Care, Feminine Protection, Food & Beverage, Health Care & Corporate New Ventures and Tissues & Towels. P&G has continued to restructure and adapt to different markets and different financial situation worldwide. According to a firm press release announcing the new structure, ‘This change will drive greater innovation and speed by centering strategy and profit responsibility globally on brands, rather than on geographies’
5. P&G’s Culture:
Culture plays an important role in any organization to run their organization well in this fast growing business world. According to Scheins theory of culture it is defined as “A pattern of shared basic assumption that the group learned as it solved its problem of external adaptation and integration that has work well enough to be considered valid and therefore to be taught to new members as a correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problem”-(Scheins 1992, p12, italics altered). According to Schein organizational culture is the acquired outcome of group experience, as it is to a large extent unconscious. Schein considers culture to the three layer phenomenon.
From figure 1 it is clearly seen that the organizational culture comprises of three layers first one is the artefacts, espoused values and underlying assumption.
Artefacts
Innovation culture is the mission statement of Procter and gamble organization in which they state that “the consumer is boss”, consumer should be the heart of all P&G do from ideation stage through the purchase of the product. For example if 30 seconds with a deodorant or one minute with a disposal diaper have made a small part of your life a little bit better then P&G made a difference. P&G policies made the company a unique one that respect of governments and law, respects in workplace and respect in the market place (annual report of P&G, 2005). P&G is a multinational company and it is widely spread geographically. They maintain open work system in lots of work places around the world. Executive offices do not have doors. Leaders do not have a secretary cordoning them off. The executive floors on all the offices at Procter and gamble are open, conference room is an open round space. They made it round as a small symbol of the new approach (Lafely .A, 2000 CEO of P&G).
Espoused values
P&G is having hierarchy of company ethics principles. PVP(Purpose, Values and principles), corporate policies, worldwide business conduct standards, operating policies/procedure/practices. For over 170 years P&G purpose values and principles has been guiding the way they do business and it is shown in the fig 2 below. There purpose is to provide branded products and services of superior quality and values that improves the lives of the world’s consumer. P&G lives with its people and values, they recruit the finest people in the world who built organization by promoting and rewarding people without regard to any difference related to performance. Lafely said that P&G have been fortunate that some of this flexible multifaceted ethics exist in our heritage. For example Procter and Gamble pioneered a system which is technician based in its manufacturing plants during the 1960’s and 70’s. In this system they avoided the approach in which one person assigned to do only one job. The technician system still operates today and working well. To get the highest evaluation rating in P&G factory, you learn how to do all the jobs on line and once you have that rating, company expect you to be that much capable of problem identification, problem solving, and innovation. This background has made it easier for company to plug manufacturing and engineering in to the innovation culture. P&G CEO Lafely said in one conference that once people in our organization have succeeded at innovation then you can see the energy in the company changing. People at P&G routinely says that we can do this, this is feasible and the change of attitude of the people in P&G is incredible to watch. Integrity, leadership, ownership, passion for winning and trust are the main asset values of P&G. By considering purpose and values they made their principles like the show respects for individual, interest of the company and individual are inseparable and innovation is the cornerstone of P&G success. These are the officials objectives which had been espoused by the company head and it is common for P&G organization all over the world.
Fig 2 PVP of P&G 2003 sustainability report
Underlying Assumptions
It consists of unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, perception, thoughts and feelings. P&G are having problem relating to external adaption and internal integration. P&G keep refining their products, launch model from ideas, to prototype, to development, to qualification and to commercialization. Applying this sequential practice on large scale and replicate them does not mean to eliminate judgment, that’s why P&G needs active leaders and a strong innovation culture. Therefore P&G introduces the inclusive culture for leaders and they expected to build inclusive work environment that welcomes and embraces diversity an environment where people feel comfortable. Forced diversity training/learning process are utilized to equip leaders to values and nurture difference in management experience, style of leadership and problem solving approaches.
By analyzing the P&G’s culture it is seen that P&G is having a strong and dominant culture and that culture follows in every part of the world. Innovation is the main theme of P&G’s success and to bind organization culture together.
6. P&G’s management & leadership:
Innovative Management and Leadership of ‘P&G’
When we observe organizations and try to classify, we tend to classify them in terms of their success and describe them as highly successful, successful, struggling to succeed or unsuccessful. There are certain factors influencing their success. Management in the organizations has to perform some functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, leading and controlling for success. Management consists of implementation of the vision and strategy provided by leaders, coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems.
By Koontz and Weihrich management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals work with such performance for optimizing efficiency in reaching goals.
HENRI FAYOL identified the main operations in business management- technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting and administration. The administration function he further subdivided into organizational, coordinating, commanding, controlling and ‘purveyance’. The purveyance further included the concepts of forecasting and planning. [i]
‘P&G’ was facing certain disadvantages using the Henri Fayol method because it was not an empirical but more theoretical. Moreover P&G wants to be innovative and wants to differentiate products by its formation. So they adopted the Cooper-Kleinschmidt study of innovation method which was based on the triangle process.
The Innovation Diamond in Exhibit 1 began as a triangle – process, Resources, and strategy – the result of a 1990s Cooper-Kleinschmidt study of innovation across a Broad range of businesses.4 Procter & Gamble’s management in the 1990s subsequently transformed the triangle into their Initiatives Diamond, shown in Exhibit 2. [ii]
The Innovation Diamond is a guiding framework to help management focus on what’s important to success: innovative strategy, a good idea-to-launch process, portfolio management, the climate and leadership.
P&G’s Initiatives Diamond serves as a guide for each business’s product innovation efforts, and helps to focus management’s attention on what is important to success. Here’s what Bob McDonald, P&G’s Vice Chairman of Global Operations, says: “The Initiative Diamond played a significant role in improving the business results in P&G’s Fabric & Home Care global business unit. This work brought us a new discipline to manage our innovation programs, and yielded a major increase in the in-market success of our initiatives. We aligned our organization on how to use Stage-Gate® success criteria and portfolio and resource management to deliver better innovations for the consumers we serve. [iii]
The top half of P&G’s diamond in Exhibit 2 is strategic in nature, and captures the business’s product innovation strategy: goals, the mix of new products required to meet those goals, and the required resources. Portfolio management (or project selection) is thus closely connected to strategy. The bottom half of the diamond is more operational and focuses on delivering specific new product projects or initiatives: what resources must be put in place for each project; and how individual new product projects are managed so they succeed using P&G’s idea-to-launch SIMPLTM Methodology? Thus how the “P&G’s” business success has been generated through focusing on effective innovative Management.
Peter F. Drucker says Leadership is the lifting of man’s thinking to higher sights, the increment of man’s performance to higher standard, the building of man’s personality beyond its normal limitation. Alan Bryman offers the working definition of leadership as: the creation of a goal about a desired future state which seeks to mesh every members of an organization in its net. Many commentators trait spotting approach to; have argued or assumed that the performance of an organization depends on the quality of leadership exercised by its leaders; same is the case with P&G organization. ‘The single most enduring thing P&G leaders can do is to identify & develop our next generation of leaders. If we can get the right people with the right skills and experiences in place to run our business, the rest will take care of itself’. By Lura Mattimore, Director, Leadership development P&G. So the leader is someone who exercises influence over other people & leading is a process of actuation. It provides an electrifying effect to the organization makes people action-oriented and bridges gaps within the organization. Distribution of work, delegation of authority and supervision of work should be done meticulously.
There are various approaches to leadership such as trait spotting, style counseling, content fitting, New leadership. P&G uses the trait spotting approach to leadership. P&G leaders are built from within because they believe that their future success is entirely dependent on the ongoing strength of talent pipeline. So the first trait spotting in P&G is done by P&G leaders itself who select the next leader of the company by searching a quality of dedication towards the work. P&G leaders are not born leaders at first they are just the ordinary people of the company. For P&G people are the company most important asset. Their success depends entirely on the strength of the talent which they build from within & manage with a disciplined process led by the CEO & the senior leadership team. This is an essential element of how P&G is designs to lead.
Thus P&G develop leaders whose purpose is to centre on improving more consumers lives in all parts of the world. Thus P&G uses two dimensional style of leadership because it concerns for the production as well as for the people. People are the main asset of P&G and for production they always wanted to get differentiated by their innovation method. Thus P&G uses the two dimensional style. (Blake & Mouton 1964)
According to the Likerts there are four leadership systems:
Exploitative Autocratic
Benevolent authoritative
Participative
Democratic
Democratic leaders have complete confidence and trust in their subordinates, they allow the subordinates to make decision for themselves; these types of leaders always motivate their subordinates by reward for achieving goals and to share the new ideas and opinion.
P&G uses the democratic type of leadership system. They believe to build their organization from within; P&G consider their most important asset as the people of the company because of their faithful work & excellent performance. Procter & gamble respect all employees and consumers and offer them their trust on condition that they treat them similarly.
P&G also uses servant type of leadership because they always feels that the customers are the boss .And in servant leadership, leaders put the needs of their followers first. According to the John Adair Leadership is a social process in which an individual influences the behavior of others without using the path of violence.
Below is the example of how the innovative product is developed under the innovative leadership of P&G, which shows some relationship between leader and follower of the P&G’s.
P&G crank up on one on one consumer research, so the marketers of P&G spend a time with the consumers, watching the way they wash, clean their floors, diapers their babies and asking about their habit and frustration. So based on this one on one technique P&G opened a diaper -testing centre right down the hall of their office, where moms watch their babies get undressed, diapered, and measured by P&G technicians. So one thing the P&G learn from this experience is that parents are frustrated by the time it takes their youngsters to be toilet trained and they have to change their diapers every time when they wet those. So thus based on the comments received from the parents P&G launch their new innovative product in the line of pampers whose mission was to dry diapers to helping moms with baby’s development. Thus how the P&G is always innovative in the way of leadership to find new products which improves their relationship with their followers, as the consumers are the main boss of the P&G.
7. Future Aspects:
Strategy improvement:
Through analysis of P & G’s multi-brand strategy we realize that many of the benefits of this strategy are clear, but it is very difficult to achieve in the market, they have to note that several aspects of business practice.
According to Sanjay Tiwari (2000), they can make some improvement by the ways below.
A company which operates a variety of brands must have the appropriate strength; the work of brand extension is complicated. From market research to product launch, to advertising, every job has a large number of enterprises to spend manpower and material resources.
In the specific operation, they must be through careful investigation, to find the product differentiation.
The industries in which according to the specific situation of enterprises, such as Procter & Gamble’s consumer products industry which with easy access to a successful multi-brand strategy.
Structure Improvement:
The improvement of structures of P&G possibility could be to have wholly autonomous temporary groups or teams that are responsible for an entire project, and are split up as soon as it is successfully completed. Teams are often not very good for decision-making, and they run the risk of relational problems, unless they are small and have a lot of self-discipline. Actually, team members still require a definite leader, which is indicated from decentralization. It means the separation of the organization into competing autonomous divisions. P&G has various branch brands, and some in one subject. Competition between own brands may seems unreasonable. However, changing corporate structure may encourage positive challenges among P&G. In addition, appropriate manipulating probably is required during the management process.
On the other hand, some inefficiency brands or areas may better to be abolished for saving funds and decrease expenses. Decision- making is very crucial of this innovation, which is easy to regret if prediction is wrong. Various differences of brands among P&G could be helpful and practical in different occasions. However, this improvement could go to the opposite and create unexpected situation because sometimes the market could be influenced by news in many ways.