Role of total quality management IT BPO industry

About Services and Quality:

Services lie at the hub of economic activity. They touch the lives of each individual in this world. Today firms differentiate themselves in the market place by offering their customers a service guarantee. Every organisation has their operations and they would involve in outsourcing the business function operations to a third party service provider. In turn every organisation would have a business process outsourcing unit. In this competitive world, service providers are having different strategies to sustain in marketplace. Every organisation would appeal to their customers to distinguish themselves from their competitors maintaining the important characteristics called as Quality. It must be the key goal in the operations functions as well as all other parts of the company. Quality is vital in determining the economic success of companies (Curkovic et al., 2000; Garvin, 1988) every world-class company gains competitive edge and has greater market share through extraordinary levels of performance by providing quality services with competitive prices as required by demanding customers. However according to Sila (2003) the definition of quality have been debated for many years by quality management researchers and a number of definitions have emerged. However, there is still no universal agreement on these definitions. As far as the definitions of quality are concerned, some of the quality pioneers coined the following terms: Feigenbaum (1951) and Abbott (1955) defined quality as ‘value”, Levitt (1972) as conformance to specifications”, Juran et al. (1974) as “fitness for use”, Crosby (1979) as ‘conformance to requirements”, Taguchi (1981) as ‘the losses a product imparts to the society from the time the product is shipped’, and Gronroos (1983) and Parasuraman ct al. (1985) as ‘meeting and/or exceeding customers’ expectations”. Today, the most widespread definition of quality is “the extent to which a product or service meets and/or exceeds a customer”s expectations’ (Reeves and Bednar 1994), which rellects a shift in focus to customer satisfaction. Companies implement various management, controlling as well as planning tools and management insists that these would have a greater effect on the company performance (Tanninen, 2010). It is very essential for any industry to sustain their competitive advantage. To achieve this, companies have to maintain their quality in service delivery. There exists some quality tools used by various organisation are ISO 9001, TQM, Sig sigma, CMMI. Global firms are exploiting the nation specific returns with the help of sourcing the important services from various different vendors across the globe that are capable of delivering good quality or cost advantage over the local domestic suppliers (Friedman 2005). Most of the basic outsourcing services would be listed in the experience services or goods (Nelson, 1974). In case of services or goods the judgement on the quality can be made only once it is consumed or purchased. However the companies would face a challenge in setting target in case of quality and productivity and particularly in case of vendor selection, manager faces information asymmetry problem. Quality is considered as everybody’s responsibility and prerogative whether it is a service line of the staff function in any organisation. Various authors have defined quality in different ways. The highest priority is given to the product quality that satisfy customer. The customer would have the win-to-win situation and has value for money. Customer satisfaction is considered as the main objective along with maximum profitability to an organization and including the service and everything in an organization that contributes to making a service requires quality (GROVERY et al., 2006).

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Total Quality Management(TQM) means achieving quality in terms of all functions of the enterprise. This includes interaction between all the components of the organisation as well as the components themselves. TQM aims to achieve an overall effectiveness higher than the individual outputs from the sub-systems, such as design, planning, production, distribution, customer focus strategy, quality tools and employee involvement (HAFEEZ,2009).The introduction of total quality management (TQM) has played an important role in development of contemporary management. Quality, considered a key strategic factor in achieving business success, is more than ever required for competing successfully in today’s global market place (Dean & Evans, 1994), and it has become the key slogan as organisations strive for a competitive advantage in markets characterised by liberalisation, globalisation and knowledgeable customers .

aims and Objectives

The aim of this research is to focus on the implementation and challenges of Total Quality Management (TQM) in IT Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry and also recommends how to improve the TQM process.

To explain about why the organizations implement and do not implement TQM as their quality improvement tool.

To understand how TQM can be implemented in an organisation

To identify what are the different gaps/barriers in the implementation process of TQM and would provide the possible solutions to overcome the gaps.

Outline of the Research

The research is on implementation of TQM in a BPO service industry and the methods how it can be carried out in a service life cycle is discussed. The research is carried out in several chapters. The initial first chapter gives insight about the TQM basic concepts and its various functionalities that are currently followed by the industry. In addition to that it also discusses about the key aims and objectives that are initially proposed based on the questions that are meant for the research in the literature. Next chapter, literature review discusses about views and arguments of various authors form different academic articles and books. It is focused on the implementation of TQM in the service industry and particularly in case of life cycle of projects in BPO industry. In addition to that it talks about the changes the company would get in case of implementation and the methods for prioritizing the projects. It also discusses about the advantages of the implememntation of TQM and the challenges faced by the management during implementation. Finally it concludes with the ways to overcome with the challenges. The chapter three of the research highlights about the research questions and the method of research carried out to conduct the research and also the structure of the research.It also introduces the study of methods that needs to be followed will be identified namely questionnaires for emails or interviews are sorted. Later, based on the initial findings of my personal observation has identified to use the qualitative research methodology in this chapter. Then it also talks about the data collection from primary means from respondents and validating the literature review to support or contradict based on the findings of the data analysis chapter. The later chapter would finalize the research with the help of valid arguments resulting from analysis and literature review with would rise to further recommendations in the same industry and also different industries as well. It also discusses about the further research that can be carried out from this research. The research finally gives the limitations of the study and research with valid references at the end of the research and supportive documents in the appendix which covers the questionnaire that is designed targeting the real time experts actively working on TQM projects and also includes the responses that were sent in the email.

Research questions

Why and how should organisations implement TQM?

What are the factors for successful implementation of TQM in organisations?

What are the challenges or barriers occur during implementation of TQM?

How can the challenges be resolved and what are the alternatives for TQM that are being used in various organisations?

LITERATURE REVIEW

introduction

This chapter discusses about the research questions that were outlined in the introduction to fulfil the aim and objectives of the research. Initially the first section in this chapter discusses about the origin of TQM and the different ways that TQM had provided to various problems using the traditional quality management. The next section focuses on the evolution of TQM and how TQM has changed the world. Later section deals with the reasons for companies implement TQM over other alternative quality management tools. The next section deals with the TQM methodologies and introduces various models followed by the service industry and also using this models how can the companies improve their quality standards. Then the success factors, benefits and challenges faced during the implementation of TQM are discussed.

Origin of TQM

The TQM started in 1920s which focused on statistical process control(SPC) (Juran,1997; Godfrey,1986). It is based on the philosophical, statistical and scientific foundation where it makes use of the knowledge to continuously improve the variations in the systems and later became major elements(SHAMS-UR RAHMAN). Process control charts was developed by Shewart to develop different strategies for continuous improvement and to understand the variation (Shewhart,1931; Juran,1997). This chart later called as Shewhart/Deming/ PDCA cycle (Deming, 1951). “Shewhart had identified and succinctly defined a central quality management problem,f ormulated a mathematical model for it,and created a tool for its Solution” (Kolesar, 1993:320). Later in 1950’s SPC methods, behavioural concepts and also various technical methods were together termed as TQM. “TQM is an approach to management that has evolved from a narrow focus on statistical process control (SPC) to encompass a variety of technical and behavioural methods for improving organisational performance.” (Dean & Bowen, 1994:396).

Evolution of TQM

Changing from detection to prevention required not only the use of a set of quality management tools and techniques, but also the development of a new operating philosophy that required a change in the way companies were managed ( HAFEEZ et al., 2006).TQM is achieving the quality in every department and functions of an organisation, which includes the communication and interaction between all the departments and components of an organisation and also the interaction between components themselves. The overall effectiveness is more profitable and effective than the individual outputs from the sub departments or systems, which includes design, planning, production distribution employee involvement, focus strategy and finally quality tools. (ibid). TQM aims to achieve the overall effectiveness. Customer satisfaction and continuous improvement are the key essential beliefs of the TQM philosophy as mentioned in the figure 1. Initially the inspection-based system focused on sorting the process and then would take corrective action in case of error. Then it moved to quality control where the processing of performance data with full time inspection is carried out. Later moved to Quality assurance where the design of system audits and also quality planning is carried out with the process control as a target. Finally it reached TQM where involves human values and shared vision and culture. This uses a system approach to solve problems with renewed focus on the internal and external customer and also generates employee involvement. The main aim of TQM is continuous improvement of tangible work process.

Figure1: Evolution of TQM

Source: (HAFEEZ et al., 2006)

Oakland (1989) defined TQM as ‘an approach for improving the competitiveness effectiveness, and flexibility of an organisation’. Essentially it is a way of planning organising and understanding activities and individuals at each level. However it is argued, “quality management is characterised by the strategic goals that are focussed towards customer’s preferences, likes, tastes, and applications. Ishikawa is known for developing various statistical tools for quality problem solving and he emphasised the idea of the ‘internal customer’, the next person in the process” (Ishikawa, 1990:50). According to author the basic idea of quality circles that is a small group of employees who deal with quality problems. In addition to this the companies has to focus on the quality standards on the service design stage where this happens before development stage and the changes would be easier and cost effective compared to development stage (Taguchi, 1999). The service companies have to focus on the quality at the earlier stages to reduce cost. Changes at the later stages would result in huge cost. To achieve this, a benchmarking tool for quality is used by the top managers to build a quality culture with in an organisation involving all the employees with an active leadership role (Kanji,1997).Zairi (1998) provided a comprehensive tool for organisations to undergo a two-stage external and internal benchmarking exercise, and stressed the role of leadership for implementing continuous improvement.

Importance of TQM

It has been observed that the importance of quality has been drastically increased over past two decades. Organizations are considering measures in terms of improving the quality standards across the organization and the industry that would result in increase in business and hence profits (RAHMAN, 2004). Among the quality tools TQM has growing interest over the period and also it the effective strategy for most of the companies that would result in competitive advantage (MartÄ±´nez-Lorente et al., 1998). TQM is considered as the management approach for continuous improving organizational performance that consists of both technical and behavioral aspects (RAHMAN, 2004). Moreover this is also mentioned that fact that the only quality initiatives are not possible to increase market share and profitability however, it is argued that the TQM programs lead to improved financial performance but fails to recognize other elements (Kannan et al., 1999). It is also argued that there is no assurance that TQM would yield profits to business since it is dependent on various other factors (Montes et al., 2003). However, it is evident that the TQM has various beneficial effects on organizational performance (Terziovski et al., 1999). TQM is flexible to implement hence every organization considers TQM in different way. Firms top management has the full authority in implementing the TQM. It totally depends on the top management to implement based on their expertise and knowledge that has an effect on organizational performance and haence increase in the business. However as per Brah et al., (2002) the benefits like cost effective, increase in productivity and impact on profitability would increase the firm’s competitive advantage.

In addition to that it is also mentioned that there exists a positive relationship between TQM and the financial performance (Handfield et al., 1998). Two processes carry this out: firstly, effective improved internal performance by the employees in the organisation would lead to reduction in waste, increase in efficiency and productivity and increase in return on assets. Secondly, increasing in customer satisfaction would result in the increase in word of mouth, loyalty and brand value. These are most effective marketing techniques and would result in increase in market share and yields high profits (ibid). Lakhal et al. (2006) reveals that there is a positive relationship between quality management practices and organisational performance.In case of human resource management along with TQM it is found that the quality performance gets affected particularly regarding the customer and employee satisfaction(Yang, 2006). To avoid this, the customer and employee satisfaction and streamlined process would produce effecive and positive operational and financial results that would lead to improvements in business and yield profits( Vora, 2002). In addition to that the TQM is also concerned with productivity, timeliness and flexibility as well as profitability along with quality (Pegels, 1994). It is observed that adopting the TQM philosophy and practices would result in positive growth in any organization or industry (Hides et al., 2000). However according to Ford & Evans (2006), there exist many conflicting results and also opinions on the effects of TQM. Additionally the random effect Meta analysis is used to study effects of TQM (Shenawy et al., 2007). He also suggested a model for TQM that has five components: top managemnt commitment and leadership, teamwork, organization and work culture, training and education and finally the process. Each of these components would result firms in competitive advantage (ibid).

In the present competitive world the where customers have various choice of services and hence they become automatic focus for success in business. The potential of just in time or total quality control in developing nations laid the foundation for future quality and productivity (Ebrahimpour and Schonberger, 1984). TQM is viewed as an organization-wide philosophy requiring all employees at every level of an organization to focus his or her efforts to help improve each business activity of the organization (Mehra et al. 2001). The aim and objective of TQM is customer satisfaction and achieves incremental improvements and that involves full participation of all the stakeholders and employees in the organization (Tigineh 1997).In addition to that Saad and Siha (2000) have viewed TQM as a revolutionary concept in different phases of quality evolution from inspection to quality control to quality assurance to TQM. Every author has their own definition for TQM, over many years the TQM is redefined as Managing the attributes that affect the subsystems quality in any organization that helps in achieving planned and desired goals and fulfilling the challenges in terms of time and cost. The desired benefits of TQM are unarguable. Organizations adopt TQM not only for the stated reasons but also for the offshoots of the benefits, which are referred to here as implied reasons. However, preparation for realizing the fruits of TQM is challenging. Referring again to the proposed definition of TQM, to achieve the above goals, quality in each subsystem of an organization is required.

TQM methodologies in Service Industry:

According to Zairi et al. (1994), TQM is only a license to practice. According to Hoogervorst et al. (2005), successful implementation of TQM and the benefits obtained by using the approach and would depend upon various factors such as organization structure as well as culture and also management practices particularly involving human resources. This approach should align with the corporate strategy (Fuentes et al., 2006). One of the most important dimensions of TQM and a critical success factor of TQM implementation is a proper performance measurement system (Bititci et al., 1997; Brah et al., 2002; Mehra et al., 2001; Neely et al., 1995). It is mentioned that the existing traditional performance measurement systems that are developed from accounting and costing systems and these are not considered in TQM environment and are not suited (McAdam & Bannister, 2001).

Any organisation could be placed on a continuum of sustainability as implied by the sustainability model shown in Figure 2, which links the goals, drives, and strategies and performance of TQM initiatives.

Figure 2: Model of sustainable TQM and performance

Soure: (Zairi, 2006)

The model is based on the following assumptions:

– TQM is an integrative and holistic approach for analysing the current status of continuous improvement within an organisation.

The relationship between TQM and organisational characteristics in Service Industry

The relation between TQM and organizational characteristics is considered to be important. Many previous studies have been publishes that directly examined the relationship. The organizational characteristics would include the organization size, ownership, industry type and TQM practices that result in innovation of new ideas. It has been identified by many studies that the organizational characteristics are considered as variables that moderate the relationship between TQM practices and organization performance (Choong, 2004).

2.6.1 Organization size and TQM

The organizational size is considered as the important factor for TQM. According to Terziovski and Samson (1999) the significant differences between TQM and the performance of the organization, considering the company size in case of a new service delivered. The larger organization is benefitted more compared to the smaller organizations in terms of TQM. It is also considered that there are no operational differences in terms of organizational size in the process of TQM implementation and is applicable and also firms delivering high quality services either large or small companies implement TQM equally (Ahire and Golhar 2001 cited in Hoang, 2010). However according to Haar and Spell (2008) the importance of organizational size in identifying the TQM adoption rates and to predict this rates there exists some factors such as workplace autonomy, performance standards, usage of the work teams and collective problem solving and in all these factors company size is considered as a moderating variable. The authors also mentioned the factors are applicable to larger companies than smaller companies. Moreover it is also demonstrated that the smaller firms have challenges such as limited access to market and have low market share, and inadequate resources and lock of expertise in management. However they have advantages as well such as flexibility due to les constraints and would have full freedom for generating innovative ideas that lead to successful implementation of TQM as effectively compared to larger organizations.

2.6.2 TQM and ownership

In an organization, the successful factor responsible for growth is culture. The relation between employees and the nature of work and the working environment are considered as crucial. The organization culture is influenced by the nature of corporate ownership (Yavas & Rezayat, 2003; Hui, Au, & Fock, 2004). In this case the management should have the thorough understanding of implementation of TQM strategy. This would result in implementing effectively. The cultural differences have to be balanced by he management. Implementation of TQM varies as per the culture in many countries. There exist many cultural differences between countries. The organizations having global footprint formulates a TQM strategy where it is common to all the countries. All the teams follow it across the globe in those firms. This would result in successful implementation of TQM. For instance, it is found no evidence that involvement of employee’s influences culture in Chinese based firms and considered to be the TQM practice (Pun, 2001 cited in Hoang, 2010). IT is also found that the values in Chinese firms are abasement, addictiveness and harmony with people and with universe, interdependence and respect for authority are the main factors that influence the dimensions for TQM (Noronha, 2002).Regarding the culture , the experience of firms in Australia and Singapore is compared with respect to the TQM multidimensionality and the relationship of TQM with the quality performance and innovation (Feng et.al., 2006). It is very important to link cultural values that are influenced by the ownership to TQM practices and also business results. This would result in successfully implementation of TQM.

2.6.3 TQM and Industry type

TQM is started with the manufacturing industry and was applied to many firms. The successful implementation of TQM in manufacturing resulted the practitioners in exploring the possibilities of applying the TQM to the service industry (Hoang et.al., 2010). Even though the industries are different and the development of TQM is different in service literature compared to manufacturing the core TQM concepts or principles are related or relavent to the service sector (Silvestro, 1998). In addition to that the there are the principles of TQM are also called as soft side. The investigation of soft side of TQM resulted in nine principles namely Total Employee Involvement, Continuous Improvement, Continuous Training, Teamwork, Empowerment, Top-management Commitment and Support, Democratic Management Style, Customer/Citizen Satisfaction, Culture Change ( Psychogios, 2007). Additionally, it is also stated that the service sectors that are also called as mass service has a similar process to manufacturing industry that is applicable for TQM practices (Woon, 2000). The author also found that there was no significant difference between manufacturing and service companies in the implementation of ‘soft’ TQM elements. Prajogo (2005) suggested that, with the exception of people management, there is no significant difference between manufacturing and service firms in terms of TQM practices and quality performance. He even identified the service sector has having higher scores in people management than the manufacturing sector. According to (ibid), the plausible reason is that manufacturing firms essentially rely on advanced manufacturing technology to achieve high level of quality (precision) and other operational performance aspects.

In service organisations, human resources play a critical role in determining the product/service quality, specifically on non-physical dimensions such as customer responsiveness, courtesy, and empathy. In addition, beyond tools and techniques, TQM now has developed into a management philosophy that comprises a set of generic core principles applied in different industries (Dean & Bowen, 1994; Grant, Shani & Krishnan, 1994, Sitkin, Sutcliffe, & Schroeder, 1994). This argument shows a fundamental base to support the applicability of TQM in service firms that can benefit from implementing this management philosophy (Prajogo, 2005). However, it has been noted differences between manufacturing and service organisations that could limit applying TQM in services (Silvestro, 1998; Sureshchandar et al., 2001; Prajogo, 2005). Firstly, compared to the measurable, standardised characteristics of manufacturing products, the intangibility and heterogeneity of the service output makes a remarkable difference. Secondly, the concept of service quality is dominated by non-physical components (courtesy, responsiveness, and accessibility) (Zeithaml, Parasuraman, & Berry, 1990) that are more difficult to define and, therefore, more difficult to measure. Thirdly, the consumption and delivery processes in the service organisations usually take place at the same time, making it difficult to control the quality of services provided. Compared to manufacturing firms, service organisations generally use fewer quality tools and show a lower level of TQM implementation, particularly in ‘hard’ TQM elements such as statistical process control, information analysis, process management (Badri, Davis, & Davis, 1995; Beaumont, Sohal, & Terziovski, 1997; Woon, 2000).

2.6.4 TQM and degree of innovation

Innovation is the key part in any success. The organization generating innovative ideas would grow faster. In terms of TQM innovation plays a major role. Considering the relation between TQM and innovation there exists two basic concepts. Firstly, TQM supports innovation i.e., that organisations that implement TQM will be successful in innovation. Secondly, It is argued that TQM impedes innovation.

The main debatable issue is whether or not the nature of TQM practices fosters innovation. The supporting perspective is based on the argument that the TQM practices, in both its human and technology dimensions, help to create an environment and culture that support innovation. One of the core components of TQM is customer satisfaction. Companies that implement TQM have to explore and find ways to serve customer needs and expectations at the best. This creates the impetus for companies to be innovative in developing and launching new products or services to match the customer’s needs. Several studies also identified a positive relationship between TQM and innovation in terms of the speed to market (Flynn et al., 1994), and the level of innovation in organisations (Baldwin & Johnson, 1996). Terziovski and Samson (2000) tested the strength of the relationship between TQM practices (independent variables) and organisational performance (dependent variables) in a large random sample of manufacturing companies in Australia and New Zealand. They considered innovation as a dependent variable that represents organisational performance measured by the number of new products produced, but could not confirm a significantly positive effect on innovation across the whole sample. However, when co-varied for industry type, the strength of the relationship between TQM and innovation changed from insignificantly positive to significantly positive, suggesting that the relationship between TQM and innovation is strengthened when investigated for a specific industry type.

Specifically, potential clients need information on a vendor’s ability to deliver quality services, and vendors need to provide potential clients with some indication of their capabilities.

Success Factors of TQM in Service industry:

TQM is mainly related to customer satisfaction and company profitability. It also includes the intellectual property rights, services and overall quality of the product. To improve these elements, planning, structuring and following or controlling the application tools, techniques, human factors agents that are influencing and support system with ideas are some factors responsible in the improvement of TQM (Grover et al., 2004). The positive impact on customer satisfaction in case of implementation of TQM is observed in many industries. It is also mentioned that positive effect of the TQM on fast food, gaming, investment banking industries (Yasin et al., 2004). TQM is not considered as a static activity since it is flexible and adaptable according to the dynamic management activities. These activities can uide the companies to gain huge market share and become more competitive and fast growth successfully facing all the challenges and opportunities provided by the industry and also the social political and economic environment of both the domestic and international and the technological improvements. The key factor for successful implementation of TQM is the customer satisfaction. TQM aims to improve the customer satisfaction. The implementation of TQM would result in increase in productivity, reduction in costs and improvement in quality of work and improved competitive position (Jablonski’s, 1991).According to DESHMUKH (2003) the factors in successful implementation of TQM are the highly changing global market, chanigind the customer values and enormous econimic pressure are responsible for creating competitive environment for most of the companies. In addition to this Lu and Sohal (1993) mentioned the factors that contribute to the success of TQM and identify improvement opportunities in the approaches. The authors also given common myths and clarifications concerning the implementation of TQM. The factors are as follows: indentifying the strategic direction of the business that includes mission, vision and various policies, determining the customer expectations and measuring the perceptions by using market research, surveys and focus groups, formulating the strategy that includes time frame, resources that provide leadership and training for implementation of program, implementing the formal organization structure to control and monitors as well as maintains the improvement initiatives through formulating steering committee and also improvement teams, effective usage of the external consultants that would result in increase in productivity, implementation of a concept called train the trainer where the training is provided to the own staff and finally the installing the quality assurance system. In addition to that Saraph et al. (1989) mentioned the eight factors for the success of TQM, mainly the role of management leadership, quality policy, process management to improve the quality, role of quality department, supplier quality management, employee relations, training, service design, and finally quality data and reporttning. However strategic quality management, people and customer management, communication of informantion, customer satisfaction,external interface management, supplier partnerships, team work structures for improving the process, external interface management , improvement measurement systems, operational quality planning and finally corporate quality culture are some more factors contribute to success of TQM (Black and Proter, 1995). And finally the following 4 reasons are suggested for the organizations to adopt the TQM mainly consists of developing a vision, promoting a policy on quality, creating the total quality oriented culture and finally investing in training and education.

Challenges in TQM

Most of the organizations around the world would believe that quality is a critical and important factor in its strategic performance. Hence, many have attempted to implement TQM their organization at least in one department. However, despite this enormous worldwide effort many others have abandoned TQM. It has been mentioned that oround 95 per cent of TQM implementation efforts would fail (D’Angola, 1992 cited in Michael, 1996). There have already been many withdrawals from TQM by companies that won the Deming Prize or a Baldrige award. Typically these withdrawals are blamed on changes in top executives, financial pressures, the over-focus on process to the detriment of business results, cultural mismatches, or the bloated bureaucracy supposedly required by TQM(Michael,1996). In addition to that according to Grant et al (1994), TQM would not succeed in an organization except for transformation of conventional services. He also adds to that the TQM would conflicts with the management ideas and also more violently with many other contemporary trends in management thinking. There exists conflicts between TQM and top management directed plans for strategic change. It is also observed that the theoretical principles and their practices are incompatible with each other. The management aim is to maximize the shareholders wealth. The TQM objective as discussed earlier is customer satisfaction. TQM does not reject that the primary goal of organization which is pursuit of profit maximization, rather it is said that in a long run theis would increase the profitability serving customers rather than a driving force (ibid). If the firm concentrates highly on maximizing the shareholder wealth then the cusomer satisfaction might reduce. It is very difficult to balance. Hence in many organizations it is observed that the stakeholders would take backseat in terms of quality management as their long-term goals are seen as convergent with quality goals. Challenges in Implementation of TQM are similar to those involved in the management of other revolutionary transitions. TQM represents challenge to conventional management proctices and also to the assumptions and theories where the practices are based.

Critique to TQM:

Most of the programmers have tried to implement TQM in the early stages and the examples that showed introduction of TQM in manufacturing industries forced and encouraged the same implementation of TQM in service industries. Later, in the recent times, the same implementation was extended to the public sectors where the Government started introducing these concepts in the industries as reported by Reavill (1999). These implementations are clear examples where the approach of TQM was not limited to only certain organizations and it has been extended to multiple organizations and multiple sectors. Hence, it can be declared that the TQM models and the frameworks are mostly renowned for the models like” EFQM Excellence Model, MBNQA, Deming Prize, ISO9000 Series, Australian Quality Award and Canada Awards For Excellence” (Soltani,et al., ). Finally, initiative for TQM implementation depicts that most of the initiatives are not TQM oriented and later in two decades, the TQM models were not claimed by most of the organizations that they obtained the tangible results as reported by the experts namely Dale and Lightburn, 1992; Singh, 1985; Sitkin, Sutcliffe and Schroedern, 1994; Smith et al., 1994; Waldman, 1994; Wilkinson et al., 1998. As a result, these statements and arguments created a discussion on assessing the TQM as disappointment or dissatisfaction were the final results and these were due to the faults in the adoption process of TQM or the faulty TQM approach itself. It is suggested that the ‘TQM is not a panacea that can be unthinkingly used, but that it must be implemented with a clear sense of the degree to which the context is characterised by uncertainty, nonroutineness, and/ or instability.’ (Sitkin et al., 1994:538). In addition to that ‘The success or failure of quality management initiatives may have more to do with organization- specific factors, particularly the extent to which initiatives are implemented in a strategic manner with continuing management commitment, than with sectoral factors.’ (Wilkinson et al., 1998:183). It is also recognized that the virtues of the quality management model attribute failures to implementation process (Sousa and Voss, 2001).

It has been extensively criticized that the short-term orientation and lack of flexibility, lack of strategic focus, not covering performances relative to the competitive capabilities, encouraging local optimization, not encouraging continuous improvement, or not being externally focused in case of TQM (Kaplan & Norton, 1992). Hence firms that are implementing would face a necessity of profound changes in performance measurement and make sure that the measures including soft and hard used would reflect both management and employee perspective (McAdam & Bannister, 2001). Finally it is said that Business Process Engineering (BPO) appeared with a bang and there was faster growth and then disappeared. It is also said that even Total Quality Management (TQM) is losing ground. In the galloping and, perhaps, chaotic state of management science, nobody can predict which concepts will sustain themselves for a fairly long period. The sustainability is not correlated necessarily with the effect that the new concepts bring about. Acceptability by the contemporary business world in the emerging environment is an equally significant determinant.

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