Value And Risk Management With Client Expectations Construction Essay

New processes and materials pose benefits to architects, designers, and builder and home owners as such change mean the cost of building was lower and in some cases home building projects were able to be completed faster. However as with new processes and materials emerge, new training is required to fully utilise them allowing construction projects to gain added value. With the new ability of clients being able to access information regarding to new materials and processes, the abilities for clients to specify particular materials and processes to be incorporated in the design and construction of the building increases. As opposed to an architect or designer recommending a suitable process or product to be used (Cross, 2001). The increased knowledge acquired by the client regarding to the type of construction materials and processes available enhances the client’s vision about the construction project and ultimately this changes their expectations. The changes in client’s expectation in construction projects must be properly managed in order for projects to be completed successfully.

The aim of this report is to illustrate how value management and risk management can be applied to manage the expectation of clients in construction projects.

Background

During the late 1990s to the early 2000s a substantial number of houses were built in New Zealand using methods and materials that could not withstand the weather conditions of New Zealand. The calamity resulted in a combination of contributing factors involving the design of the building, the installation of materials, the change in requirement in untreated timber used in construction, the increase in insulations installed in timber framing and the trend to build Mediterranean styled building using monolithic cladding systems. The problem with such construction is that once water or moisture penetrates through certain cladding systems, if there are no cavities between the cladding and the framework, the water becomes trapped and cannot easily escape or evaporate.

In addition a change in the New Zealand Standards for timber treatment in 1998 allowed the use of untreated kiln-dried timber to be used in wall framing. When this untreated timber comes in contact with water for a long period of time, the timber will begin to rot.

In 2002 the Building Industry Authority appointed a Weathertightness Overview Group to investigate the cause of the leaky homes crisis in New Zealand. In their findings they pointed out the main factors that contributed to the cause of the leaky homes but no one factor was identified as the single cause of leaky buildings (Department of Building and Housing and Consumer NZ).

Main factors causing leaky buildings:

The trend to build Mediterranean styled buildings using monolithic cladding systems

Poorly designed features such as:

Recessed windows

Flat roofs with narrow or no eaves

Two or more stories

Solid balustrades and balconies that just extend out from the walls which causes penetration through the external claddings

Insufficient details in the approved documents, which are produced to help people meet the requirements of the New Zealand Building Code.

Lacking of technical knowledge and skills when houses are designed, detailed and built. Modern systems require far greater level of detail, care and skill.

Untreated kiln-dried timber is susceptible to rot when water penetrates the building envelop.

The leaky home crisis is a systematic failure of a new building style trend, poor design features, insufficient building requirements, and the lack of technical knowledge to design, detail and construct buildings.

The media in effect had an influence on the style of housing that was new to New Zealand’s traditional designed houses. It is also during this period when manufacturers of building materials begun to market their products directly to the consumers; the end users and owners of buildings (Cross, 2001). Companies such as the Winstone Wallboards Ltd began to market their products to the general public; their advertisings of gypsum plasterboard by-passed the construction industry and directly to the owner. Similarly the makers of Pink Batts, Tasman Insulation New Zealand Limited also began major marketing campaigns to target home owner and potential home owners to incorporate their building products in the construction of houses. The lack of implementation to ensure adequate and safe designs while builders and contractors lacked knowledge regarding to the building product and its application could have contributed to the leaky building crisis.

Although this changing in construction product marketing was not a cause of the leaky home crisis, it nevertheless have increased the awareness of building products for clients and this increased their ability and persistence to specify particular building products or processes, therefore changing the expectation of the outcome of the construction project.

Client Expectation

Client’s expectation of construction projects have changed over time in parallel with the changes in technology, especially in the advancements in information systems and marketing campaigns for construction materials. Nowadays manufacturers of building products advertise and market their products directly to the potential clients of construction projects. Good examples of these can be seen on the television media, manufacturers such as Winstone Wallboards Ltd market their gypsum plasterboard for walls and ceilings, while Tasman Insulation New Zealand Limited market their insulation products more commonly known as Pink Batts. This new marketing strategy from construction material manufacturers means that they have effectively by-passed the distribution industries and the building and construction industries in the value chain for the supply of building materials (Cross, 2001).

Figure 1: Value chain for building and construction related industries (Cross, 2001)

This marketing strategy allowed consumers who are the potential clients of construction projects to have more knowledge of the building products available and be aware of the potential benefits of particular building products. In conjunction with the internet, manufacturers can distribute product information and specification online. Before these changes in marketing and internet sources, construction products were selected and presents to the client by the project team. Compare to now, clients have products in mind before initiating a construction project. They also have in mind the advertised visual aesthetics and performance of the products giving clients an overall expectation of the construction prior to the meeting with the design team (Wilkinson & Scofield, 2003).

Construction clients are committing something they cannot see until it is completed. The challenge for the project team is translating client needs into design requirements and subsequent critical characteristics. Failing to understand client needs is the issue that creates the largest gap between client expectation and client satisfaction. The second largest gap is held by project delivery being on time. The new marketing strategy could potentially create a gap between client expectation and client satisfaction as the visual aesthetics and performance of the product can only be achieve if it was installed in a particular way for under certain circumstances (Atkin, Borgbrant, & Josephson, 2003). Such gaps could potentially become points of conflict throughout the construction project and finally reaching the completion and the client’s expectation on the project may not be achieved.

If clients are educated by the design team as to what to expect during the design and construction of the project and the standards a design team must offer, then minor divergence can then be view as part of the design process and the efforts could be directed toward resolving those routine problems understandingly and effectively (ACEC Oregon, 2008). Clients who are unfamiliar with the trials and adversity of a major project should be educated on the process prior to the design and construction stages. Doing so will facilitate the clarification of client’s expectation and allow clients to adjust their expectation to a realistic level.

Clients have four main expectations on construction projects. They are the expectation on scope, cost, time and quality. All of these expectations are defined, estimated, planned and specified during the design phase of the project. It is therefore critical for the project team to identify the client’s expectations at the beginning of the design phase so that it could work towards the client’s expectations. Once the construction phase of the project begins, there would be little room for adjustments on the focus of meeting client expectation. By that stage the project team are adhering, monitoring, controlling and managing the expectations that were set during the design phase.

Figure 2: General client project expectation (Oyegoke, 2006)

Client’s preconceived expectations on construction projects are highly skewed by the marketing strategies employed by manufacturers. Manufacturers often advertise their product’s performance under optimum conditions and they have a tendency to omit risks that are associated with the product. This is the main contributor to client’s expectations as they have a visualisation of how the product performs but in some cases, these products may not be able to perform at their optimum level due to the environment of the project location, the installation, application and the maintenance of the product.

Client’s expectations over the cost of projects have changed over time. Clients expect costs to be kept at a minimum, however most clients are unaware of the so called costs that are involved in a construction project and the overall whole life time cost of buildings. The trends towards ‘green’ buildings are a good example, the aim of sustainable buildings, the so called ‘green’ buildings are to reduce the impact of the building’s operation on the environment and this in sequence usually reduces the consumption of energy of buildings. Sometimes clients are too focus on the capital cost, that they fail to recognise the benefits of the reducing the whole life cost of the building through the slight increase in capital expenditure.

Time is another important expectation from customers; sometimes the most important expectation. The idea of prefabrication allows construction time to be reduced, as components are made off-site and are brought to the construction site for assembly. However there is a limit as to how many elements of the construction can be prefabricated and the trend to more complex projects which requires a finer level of design detail and thus contributing to the length of construction time.

Client Needs

Satisfying client needs is a vital requirement for construction projects. As construction projects are induced by the client needs; but often the project outcomes fails to satisfy them. There are many reasons for this, for the design team the challenge is to comprehend client needs, which should be revealed during the briefing stage of the project (Atkin, Borgbrant, & Josephson, 2003). Potential clients of the construction industry are too large and varied group for any meaningful detailed classification to be prepared. Nevertheless an understanding of clients is aided by a broad categorisation (Walker A. , 2002). As different clients from different categories will have different needs for it to initiate a construction project. For example:

A commercial client, would built offices to sell or lease to others and is expecting a direct financial gain

A industrial client would build factories and expect a gain on productivity

A public client is expecting a social investment gain from a new school.

When the client is satisfied that there is a need for a project, it will then undertake a feasibility study to ascertain whether the project meets all of the objectives of the client (Lavender, 1996).

Client’s Objectives

The most important feature of any building project should be the client’s objective in embarking on the construction of the project. The need for the project will normally have risen from some demand arising from the client organisation’s primary activities as stated before. The needs of clients are stimulated by the environment of their organisation, which presents opportunities to which they respond. Such external stimulus may be economic forces, which give the opportunity for profit, or sociological forces, which presents the chance to respond to a social need, but usually they are a combination of different forces in which the client must respond to as the result of the need to survive. Above this, clients also respond in order to expand as a result of drive and motivation.

The effect of forces in the client’s environment will therefore trigger the start of the construction process. Although it may not be realised at the time that a project is needed and at that stage it is unlikely that any members of the project team will be involved. When it becomes apparent that a construction project is needed to satisfy the client’s objectives, the brief begins to form. A common major problem is that the project team will normally not be involved at this early stage and a number of important decisions which may inappropriately constrain the design of the project may have been made by the time they are brought in (Walker A. , 2002).

Figure 3: Triangle of time, cost and quality (Lavender, 1996)

Once the objectives are met, the three qualities of a project must then be prioritized to demonstrate the client’s preference. To some clients, if the priority is to keep costs down, then a delay may not matter too much. However to other clients, time may be an absolute priority – for example a hotel development is scheduled for completion to meet seasonal increase in trade (Lavender, 1996). These three qualities in turn represent the client’s expectation of the output of the project, therefore it is vital to communicate with the clients to discover how the client has prioritised these qualities.

Clients often perceive the brief as a reasonably detailed statement of what they require, but it is important that the strategic level of the brief is not overlooked at the expense of detail. The client’s priorities must be clearly established and are communicated to the project team. It may well be that there is conflict within the client’s organisation regarding priorities, but the project team must be confident that it has interpreted the balance properly. To achieve this it will have to understand the client’s organisation, its decision-making process and where the highest authority lies (Walker A. , 2002).

Changing Expectations

Drivers of change in client expectation:

New trend in property ownership

Increase in number of investment properties (time expectation)

Growing project complexity

Due to higher need requirements and technological advancements in material standardisation, construction methods, techniques and technologies. (quality and cost expectation)

Influence of life cycle costing

Cost of repairs and maintenance

Influence of alternative materials and systems

Shrinking business and project cycles

Shortening of the hypothetical supply chain of building materials (cost and quality expectation)

Commoditisation of products and services

Specific products and trade specialist as a first tier contractor

External stakeholder power

Clients knowledge base is expanding

Suppliers focus

Scarce human resources

Ethical agenda

Green buildings (to reduce energy consumption and effects of global warming)

Time is a finite resource, especially with the new trend of increases in numbers of investment properties, clients of construction projects demand their projects to be completed on time for peak market trading. This in effect translates to the increasing expectation for construction projects to be completed on time and method of fast tracking will be employed to ensure deadlines are met. Communication requirements in complex projects are overwhelming in comparison to more traditional projects and there is a requirement for a great deal of interaction and negotiation (Kelly & Male, 1993). The increase complexity will add time to the project duration.

Client Expectation and Project Management

The general definition of construction project management is said to be the planning, co-ordination and control of a project from conception to completion on behalf of a client. This requires the identification of the client’s objective in terms of utility, function, quality, time and cost, and the establishment of relationships between resources, integrating, monitoring and controlling the contributors to the project and their output, and evaluating selecting alternatives in pursuit of the client’s satisfaction with the project outcome (Walker A. , 2002).

Client expectation begins with the briefing process. Briefing is seen as a singular event at the beginning of the projects by the client; however this is not the case. Briefing is a process, where requirements are systematically written down and this will be updated as required. This means that while the project proceeds and client’s awareness of the project increases, the ability to make changes reduces as the project progresses (Atkin, Borgbrant, & Josephson, 2003). The recommendation is that briefing is a process running throughout the construction project, by which the client’s requirements are progressively captured and translated into effect by the design team.

Clients nowadays simply expect too much from the design teams; they expect perfection. Any minor delays, added costs or design changes are taken as a sign of incompetence on the part of the architect, engineer or project manager.

Managing client expectations is the key to avoiding unnecessary confrontations, demands and claims. Perfection is impossible to achieve, therefore the best approach to ensure that the client is making realistic expectations about the project and its outcomes (ACEC Oregon, 2008). Communication is vital to this process. Communication should take place continuously throughout the project especially in the beginning. Stress that perfection is unattainable at any price and errors and omissions are common parts of the design and construction process.

Clients must understand that they can only expect a standard of care that is provided with the managing or design service. These services are provided with the ordinary degree of skill and care that would be used by other reasonably competent practitioners of the same discipline under similar circumstances and conditions. The ‘standard of care’ is a concept drawn from English Common Law doctrine. The doctrine holds that the public has the right to expect services provided will be have done so with a reasonable normal, careful and prudent manner. In other words, being perfect is not required as long as the service provided was done so with a reasonable due skill and care (ACEC Oregon, 2008). Goals to achieve perfection however should still be set to give the project team a clear direction and allow for measure of performance if necessary.

Risk Management

Design projects are inherently risky. Every project is different in some way and this carries with it uncertainties. Risk is the term used to describe the amount of uncertainty and number of threats that exist or potentially exist in a project (Ramroth, 2006). Risks can be technical, physical, commercial or environmental (Walker & Greenwood, 2002). Managing risk is one of the most important tasks for the construction industry as it affects the project outcomes (Dey, 2009). This outcome is closely tied in with the output of the project; and at the most basic level, the building and construction industry is recognised by its output (Cross, 2001). Client’s expectation on risk should be made known to the design team and in turn, the project risks should be communicated to the client. Doing so will reduce any misunderstanding and possible confrontations.

Managing Risk

Management of risk is an ongoing process throughout the life of the project, as risk will be constantly changing. Risk management plans should be placed to deal quickly and effectively with risks if they arise. It is important to work as an integrated project team from the earliest possible stages on an open book basis to identify risks throughout the team’s supply chain (Office of Government Commerce, 2007).

Risk management in construction projects involves:

Identifying and assessing the risks in terms of impact and probability

Establishing and maintaining a joint risk register, agreed by the integrated project team

Establishing procedures for activity managing and monitoring risks throughout the project and during occupation on completion

Ensuring that members of the team have the opportunity to engage in a dialogue that will promote agreement of an appropriate allocation of risk.

Updating risk information throughout the life of the project

Ensuring control risk by planning how risks are managed through the life of the project to contain them within acceptable limits

Allocating responsibility for managing each risk with the party best able to do so

A common risk management process should be understood and adopted at all levels within the integrated project team, and the risk register regularly reviewed and updated throughout the project lifecycle (Office of Government Commerce, 2007). Investment in developing the brief is often cut; however, this will likely lead to delay and cost overruns further on in the project due to changes and potential misunderstandings. Making risks known to the client can help them develop and prepare budgets for the project and this allows the project team to assess the client’s expectation on risk. When preparing the budget, it should comprise of two elements of cost, a base estimate and risk allowance. A risk allowance should be included in the budget for the project to cover the potential financial impact of the client’s retained risks as estimated in the risk analysis.

Risks inherent in the maintenance and demolition of a facility should be considered during design development and the decisions about risk kept on the register for future reference (Office of Government Commerce, 2007). This inherent risk should be included in the whole life costing of the building.

Risk Allocation

Risk management arrangements should include risk allocation that (Office of Government Commerce, 2007):

Is clear and unambiguous

Achieves best value for money

Represents a fair balance between risk and control

Does not create conflict of interest in those required to give independent advice to the client.

Contracts are a way to reduce risks as it is used to reduce uncertainty. Mutual agreements regarding to the project must be stated in the contract. Contracts between businesses have evolved to take on various roles (Walker & Greenwood, 2002):

Recoding the deal that has been agreed and the rights and obligations of the parties.

Providing sanction for non-compliance, or incentive to comply

Offering sets of procedures that the parties should follow

Catering for uncertainty by deciding in advance how parties will bear the risk on unforeseen events.

Responding to Risks

Project managers must control the threats and uncertainties that would potentially adversely affect their projects. There are a number of strategies to do so (Ramroth, 2006):

Avoidance: where risks have such serious consequences on the project outcome that make them totally unacceptable, measures might include a review of the project objectives and re-appraisal of the project, possibly leading to the replacement of the project, or its cancellation.

Reduction: a typical action to reduce risk can take the form of:

Redesign: including that arising out of value engineering studies

Different methods of construction: to avoid inherently risky construction techniques

Changing the procurement route: to allocate the risk between the project participants in a different manner.

Transfer: transferring risks to another party in the integrated project teams, who would be responsible for the consequences, should the risk occur. Risks should not be transferred until they are fully understood. The objective of transferring risk is to pass the responsibility to another party who can better manage it.

Retention: Risks that are not avoided or transferred are retained by the client although they may have been reduced or shared. These risks must continue to be managed by the client to minimise their likelihood and potential impact.

Uncertainty should be understood as being a dual and coherent nature with reference to the environment, comprising the building context and the management of construction operation for the specific building (Atkin, Borgbrant, & Josephson, 2003).

Two concepts that are relevant are the contextual uncertainty and operational uncertainty.

Contextual uncertainty includes the environment as a whole that may have an impact on a specific building. The impact could raise doubts about the result or the effectiveness of the achievement. In order to analyse the shape or form of the contextual uncertainty it is necessary to analyse the building from a broader perspective: the environment, the client and the organisation as a whole.

Operational uncertainty is defined as every circumstance that may have an impact on the project’s efficiency; that is handling the implementation of construction according to a predetermined set of goals. The logical phase of the construction process means that project visions are needed to reduce planning and design uncertainties, and that a plan is needed to reduce production uncertainty.

Contingency funds should be in place to ensure that any uncertainty and imperfections of the project can be corrected. Clients should be made aware that contingency provisions are created to recognise that the final design and construction cost may exceed the initial estimated cost. The contingency fund should equal to a reasonable percentage of the estimated construction cost as a reserve to pay for unanticipated costs. Clients should acknowledge that no claims can be made against the project team with respect to increased costs within the agreed contingency.

The building construction stage should be easy to plan and managed, if:

The client is satisfied with the design;

The design is correct and can be realised through construction;

The intention of the designer is correctly communicated; and

All conditions on site can be anticipated

While it is not possible to alleviate all risks, some risks can be eliminated by thoughtful problem solving, while others can be successfully managed so that their impact on the project is kept to a minimum (Ramroth, 2006).

Value Management

Value management is the process in which the functional benefits of a project are made explicit and appraised consistent with a value system determined by the client. From a value management perspective, a project is an investment by an organisation on a temporary activity to achieve a core business objective within a programmed time that returns added value to the business activity of the organisation (Kelly, Making client values explicit in value management workshops, 2007). Value management is a structured, multi-disciplinary group decision-making process that encourages the enhancement of the value of a project, process or product in a manner consistent with the business goals of the stakeholders and client needs. Value management enables stakeholders to define and achieve their need through facilitated workshops that encourage participation, teamwork and end user buy-in. Stakeholders are people who have a real interest in the outcome of the project. Stakeholders of construction projects could be promoters, owners, financiers, supervisors, planners, engineer, constructors, operators, user and neighbours.

The focus of value management is on function value for money, it is not necessarily to reduce cost. Though reducing cost could be a by-product of the value management activities (Office of Government Commerce, 2007). Value means ensuring that the right choices are made about obtaining the optimum balance of benefit in relation to cost and risk, and in its broadest sense, is the benefit to the client. However with value management, it should be recognised that improving the whole-life project value sometimes will require additional initial capital expenditure. The buildability and maintainability of the facility are central to its long-term value. Value management is a very low cost with high benefit exercise. The greatest benefit from applying value management to a project is when it is integrated into the project development plan, with workshops programmed to take place.

If integrated into the project management methodology early in the project development the cost can be almost negligible, because of the reduced need for subsequent reviews and opportunities for substituting VM for some of the routine appraisals and quality audits that are always necessary (Hammersley, 2002).

Client’s Benefit

The client is the party that benefit from the long-term operation of the building and therefore should lead the process from inception to the completion of the building. However it is suggested that clients are not interested in technological correctness. The designer on the other hand has the technological competence, but handling all the interdependencies to reach an optimal technological solution can sometimes lead to long design durations; affecting the clients expectation on the duration of the project. The designer may also have little knowledge on how to produce the design to a finished product. This production knowledge and skill lies with the contractors and subcontractors, often designers rely too heavily on the assumption that the design product is easy to produce. Apparently no single party is fully capable of leading, but rather a group of individuals can stand a better chance of succeeding (Atkin, Borgbrant, & Josephson, 2003).

To increase client’s benefits the following key criteria should be made possible:

Clients should have enough time to increase their knowledge of the project outcome, based on their requirement

Clients should be able to change their mind when the challenges of their requests are made apparent to them

Designers should have sufficient time to convert client requests into key technical criteria

Designers should have enough time to investigate the interdependencies of the technical criteria in the building system

Contractors and subcontractors, when required, should have the ability to view the impact of decisions regarding constructability

As identified earlier, the client comprehends the product increasingly as the process proceeds. This suggests that even though it is hard to manage, it should be possible to review the requirements of the client in order to produce a building that satisfies.

What is Value

Value management is concerned with what value actually means within a particular context, agreeing a clear statement of objectives and ensuring that solutions are consistent with the project objectives (Hammersley, 2002).

In value management, value is the level of importance that is place upon a desired function, or combination of functions.

Value is improved by increasing the worth of the functions relative to the cost (Hammersley, 2002). Value is assumed to be enhanced when the same functions are provided at a lower cost, and also when more desired functions are provided at the same cost. It is also proposed that value is achieved when client satisfaction improves when the same level of resources are invested (Kelly, Making client values explicit in value management workshops, 2007).

Value and Risk Management

Risk and value management are interrelated tasks that should be carried out in parallel. In practice, value management exercises are carried out first, to determine exactly what constitutes value to the business from delivery of the project. The integrated project team repeats the parallel exercises of defining value and associates risks until they arrive at the optimum balance of value and risk (Office of Government Commerce, 2007).

The best ideas for value management can sometimes be the most risky and therefore risks should always be considered within a value management study. This can be done in a number of ways:

In the evaluation of ideas for improving value

As a separate phase of the value management workshop, to identify and assess the likelihood and impact strategic risks

A full risk workshop

The value management process itself is a risk management process by developing mutual understanding between the stakeholders, developing project learning earlier in the process, challenging assumptions, generating alternatives and promoting synergy between the whole team. Consensus and mutual understanding between stakeholders, clear objectives, reduced risk of changes in scope and improved communications will help ensure that the project meets the business plan objectives of the client and is delivered on time.

Value Engineering

Value engineering is a part of value management which considers specific aspects of the design, construction, operation and management, it was introduced to the construction industry during the 1960s (Chen, Chang, & Huang, 2009). It is a continuous process in which all the components and process involved in construction are critically appraised to determine whether better value alternatives or solutions are available. It is helpful for reducing wasteful processes and inefficiency in specific aspects of the design, construction and maintenance (Lowe & Leiringer, 2006).

All projects are likely to include some unnecessary costs. Unnecessary costs are costs which provide neither use, nor life, nor quality, nor appearance, nor features to a project (Kelly & Male, Value manamgement in design and construction, 1993). However cutting costs without proper analysis would likely to diminish the value of the project; only unnecessary cost should be removed where wasteful processes and/or practices contribute to cost. Value engineering is an organised application that uses a combination of common sense and technical knowledge to locate and eliminate unnecessary project costs (Chen, Chang, & Huang, 2009). However value engineering must not result in loss of functionality or quality; otherwise it would reduce the value of the project.

Value engineering is concerned with achieving defined functions a minimum cost, usually this is defined as the minimum whole-life cost. Whole-life costing is a vital element of value management, as it covers entire costs associated with the facility from project inception through to the disposal of the facility (Hammersley, 2002). Analysis involves identifying clearly what each of the individual elements of a project actually do, rather than focusing on what they currently are. Functions are split into primary and secondary functions and detailed as such. Primary functions are those that are critical to success. Secondary functions support the primary functions. Value engineering is a tight technical discipline with very clear focus on cost. It is extremely important to include client’s involvement when value engineering is carried out as this process will likely to reduce client’s perceived quality. If value engineering is carried out without the acknowledgement of the client, the client’s expectation will have been adjusted for the vale engineering process and their perceived quality after construction will in most cases be lower than their expectation.

Value Management and Value Engineering

The key difference between value management and cost reduction are that the former is:

Positive, focused on value as opposed to focus on cost, and seeking to achieve an optimum balance between quality, whole-life cost and time

Structures, auditable and accountable

Multi-disciplinary, seeking to maximise the creative potential of all project participants this includes the clients’ participation and working together as an integrated project team

It is said that value management is about getting the right project, whilst value engineering is done to get the project right. Value management address the why questions such as what is the need for this project or process, value engineering is concerned with how (Hammersley, 2002).

Conclusion

Changes in client expectation have come about through changes in the new trend in property ownership, shrinking business cycles and increase in client’s knowledge and power to specify particular building materials and processes. Such changes have affected client expectation so much that if it is not managed properly it could lead to confrontation, conflict and ultimately client dissatisfaction. Client expectations can be managed by risk and value management; as such processes will make client expectations explicit through continuous communication and realigning client expectation to a realistic level. Understanding client’s needs and requirements are vital to understanding their expectation, therefore client expectations must be examined and agreed to by the project team from the beginning of the project to maximise the benefits of managing client expectation.

List of Figures

Figure 1: Value chain for building and construction related industries (Cross, 2001)

Figure 2: General client project expectation (Oyegoke, 2006)

Figure 3: Triangle of time, cost and quality (Lavender, 1996)